27 Time library [time]

27.1 General [time.general]

1
#
This Clause describes the chrono library ([time.syn]) and various C functions ([ctime.syn]) that provide generally useful time utilities, as summarized in Table 96.
Table 96: Time library summary   [tab:time.summary]
Subclause
Header
Cpp17Clock requirements
Time-related traits
<chrono>
Class template duration
Class template time_­point
Clocks
Civil calendar
Class template hh_­mm_­ss
12/24 hour functions
Time zones
Formatting
Parsing
C library time utilities
<ctime>
2
#
Let STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("...") be "..." if charT is char and L"..." if charT is wchar_­t.

27.2 Header <chrono> synopsis [time.syn]

#include <compare>              // see [compare.syn]

namespace std {
  namespace chrono {
    // [time.duration], class template duration
    template<class Rep, class Period = ratio<1>> class duration;

    // [time.point], class template time_­point
    template<class Clock, class Duration = typename Clock::duration> class time_point;
  }

  // [time.traits.specializations], common_­type specializations
  template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
    struct common_type<chrono::duration<Rep1, Period1>,
                       chrono::duration<Rep2, Period2>>;

  template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
    struct common_type<chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration1>,
                       chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration2>>;

  namespace chrono {
    // [time.traits], customization traits
    template<class Rep> struct treat_as_floating_point;
    template<class Rep>
      inline constexpr bool treat_as_floating_point_v = treat_as_floating_point<Rep>::value;

    template<class Rep> struct duration_values;

    template<class T> struct is_clock;
    template<class T> inline constexpr bool is_clock_v = is_clock<T>::value;

    // [time.duration.nonmember], duration arithmetic
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>
        operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>
        operator-(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
      constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period>
        operator*(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
    template<class Rep1, class Rep2, class Period>
      constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period>
        operator*(const Rep1& s, const duration<Rep2, Period>& d);
    template<class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
      constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period>
        operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>
        operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2>
      constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period>
        operator%(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>
        operator%(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);

    // [time.duration.comparisons], duration comparisons
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr bool operator==(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
                                const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr bool operator< (const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
                                const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr bool operator> (const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
                                const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr bool operator<=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
                                const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr bool operator>=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
                                const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      requires see below
      constexpr auto operator<=>(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs,
                                 const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);

    // [time.duration.cast], conversions
    template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
      constexpr ToDuration duration_cast(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
    template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
      constexpr ToDuration floor(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
    template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
      constexpr ToDuration ceil(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
    template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period>
      constexpr ToDuration round(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);

    // [time.duration.io], duration I/O
    template<class charT, class traits, class Rep, class Period>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
                   const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Rep, class Period, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    duration<Rep, Period>& d,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // convenience typedefs
    using nanoseconds  = duration<signed integer type of at least 64 bits, nano>;
    using microseconds = duration<signed integer type of at least 55 bits, micro>;
    using milliseconds = duration<signed integer type of at least 45 bits, milli>;
    using seconds      = duration<signed integer type of at least 35 bits>;
    using minutes      = duration<signed integer type of at least 29 bits, ratio<  60>>;
    using hours        = duration<signed integer type of at least 23 bits, ratio<3600>>;
    using days         = duration<signed integer type of at least 25 bits,
                                  ratio_multiply<ratio<24>, hours::period>>;
    using weeks        = duration<signed integer type of at least 22 bits,
                                  ratio_multiply<ratio<7>, days::period>>;
    using years        = duration<signed integer type of at least 17 bits,
                                  ratio_multiply<ratio<146097, 400>, days::period>>;
    using months       = duration<signed integer type of at least 20 bits,
                                  ratio_divide<years::period, ratio<12>>>;

    // [time.point.nonmember], time_­point arithmetic
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, common_type_t<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>>
        operator+(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Clock, class Duration2>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, Duration2>>
        operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, common_type_t<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>>
        operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
      constexpr common_type_t<Duration1, Duration2>
        operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                  const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);

    // [time.point.comparisons], time_­point comparisons
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
       constexpr bool operator==(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                                 const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
       constexpr bool operator< (const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                                 const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
       constexpr bool operator> (const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                                 const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
       constexpr bool operator<=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                                 const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2>
       constexpr bool operator>=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                                 const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
    template<class Clock, class Duration1, three_way_comparable_with<Duration1> Duration2>
       constexpr auto operator<=>(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs,
                                  const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);

    // [time.point.cast], conversions
    template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration>
        time_point_cast(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& t);
    template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> floor(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);
    template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> ceil(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);
    template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration>
      constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> round(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);

    // [time.duration.alg], specialized algorithms
    template<class Rep, class Period>
      constexpr duration<Rep, Period> abs(duration<Rep, Period> d);

    // [time.clock.system], class system_­clock
    class system_clock;

    template<class Duration>
      using sys_time  = time_point<system_clock, Duration>;
    using sys_seconds = sys_time<seconds>;
    using sys_days    = sys_time<days>;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_time<Duration>& tp);

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_days& dp);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    sys_time<Duration>& tp,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.clock.utc], class utc_­clock
    class utc_clock;

    template<class Duration>
      using utc_time  = time_point<utc_clock, Duration>;
    using utc_seconds = utc_time<seconds>;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const utc_time<Duration>& t);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    utc_time<Duration>& tp,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    struct leap_second_info;

    template<class Duration>
      leap_second_info get_leap_second_info(const utc_time<Duration>& ut);

    // [time.clock.tai], class tai_­clock
    class tai_clock;

    template<class Duration>
      using tai_time  = time_point<tai_clock, Duration>;
    using tai_seconds = tai_time<seconds>;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const tai_time<Duration>& t);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    tai_time<Duration>& tp,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.clock.gps], class gps_­clock
    class gps_clock;

    template<class Duration>
      using gps_time  = time_point<gps_clock, Duration>;
    using gps_seconds = gps_time<seconds>;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const gps_time<Duration>& t);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    gps_time<Duration>& tp,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.clock.file], type file_­clock
    using file_clock = see below;

    template<class Duration>
      using file_time = time_point<file_clock, Duration>;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const file_time<Duration>& tp);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    file_time<Duration>& tp,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.clock.steady], class steady_­clock
    class steady_clock;

    // [time.clock.hires], class high_­resolution_­clock
    class high_resolution_clock;

    // [time.clock.local], local time
    struct local_t {};
    template<class Duration>
      using local_time  = time_point<local_t, Duration>;
    using local_seconds = local_time<seconds>;
    using local_days    = local_time<days>;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const local_time<Duration>& tp);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    local_time<Duration>& tp,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.clock.cast], time_­point conversions
    template<class DestClock, class SourceClock>
      struct clock_time_conversion;

    template<class DestClock, class SourceClock, class Duration>
      auto clock_cast(const time_point<SourceClock, Duration>& t);

    // [time.cal.last], class last_­spec
    struct last_spec;

    // [time.cal.day], class day
    class day;

    constexpr bool operator==(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;

    constexpr day  operator+(const day&  x, const days& y) noexcept;
    constexpr day  operator+(const days& x, const day&  y) noexcept;
    constexpr day  operator-(const day&  x, const days& y) noexcept;
    constexpr days operator-(const day&  x, const day&  y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const day& d);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    day& d, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.month], class month
    class month;

    constexpr bool operator==(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;

    constexpr month  operator+(const month&  x, const months& y) noexcept;
    constexpr month  operator+(const months& x,  const month& y) noexcept;
    constexpr month  operator-(const month&  x, const months& y) noexcept;
    constexpr months operator-(const month&  x,  const month& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month& m);
    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    month& m, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.year], class year
    class year;

    constexpr bool operator==(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year  operator+(const year&  x, const years& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year  operator+(const years& x, const year&  y) noexcept;
    constexpr year  operator-(const year&  x, const years& y) noexcept;
    constexpr years operator-(const year&  x, const year&  y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year& y);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    year& y, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.wd], class weekday
    class weekday;

    constexpr bool operator==(const weekday& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;

    constexpr weekday operator+(const weekday& x, const days&    y) noexcept;
    constexpr weekday operator+(const days&    x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
    constexpr weekday operator-(const weekday& x, const days&    y) noexcept;
    constexpr days    operator-(const weekday& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday& wd);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    weekday& wd, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.wdidx], class weekday_­indexed
    class weekday_indexed;

    constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_indexed& x, const weekday_indexed& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday_indexed& wdi);

    // [time.cal.wdlast], class weekday_­last
    class weekday_last;

    constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_last& x, const weekday_last& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday_last& wdl);

    // [time.cal.md], class month_­day
    class month_day;

    constexpr bool operator==(const month_day& x, const month_day& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month_day& x, const month_day& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_day& md);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    month_day& md, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.mdlast], class month_­day_­last
    class month_day_last;

    constexpr bool operator==(const month_day_last& x, const month_day_last& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month_day_last& x,
                                          const month_day_last& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_day_last& mdl);

    // [time.cal.mwd], class month_­weekday
    class month_weekday;

    constexpr bool operator==(const month_weekday& x, const month_weekday& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_weekday& mwd);

    // [time.cal.mwdlast], class month_­weekday_­last
    class month_weekday_last;

    constexpr bool operator==(const month_weekday_last& x, const month_weekday_last& y) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_weekday_last& mwdl);

    // [time.cal.ym], class year_­month
    class year_month;

    constexpr bool operator==(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& ym, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month operator+(const months& dm, const year_month& ym) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& ym, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr months operator-(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& ym, const years& dy) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month operator+(const years& dy, const year_month& ym) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& ym, const years& dy) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month& ym);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    year_month& ym, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.ymd], class year_­month_­day
    class year_month_day;

    constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_day& x, const year_month_day& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month_day& x,
                                          const year_month_day& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_day operator+(const year_month_day& ymd, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_day& ymd) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day operator+(const year_month_day& ymd, const years& dy) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_day& ymd) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day operator-(const year_month_day& ymd, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day operator-(const year_month_day& ymd, const years& dy) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_day& ymd);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>>
      basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt,
                    year_month_day& ymd,
                    basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr,
                    minutes* offset = nullptr);

    // [time.cal.ymdlast], class year_­month_­day_­last
    class year_month_day_last;

    constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_day_last& x,
                              const year_month_day_last& y) noexcept;
    constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month_day_last& x,
                                          const year_month_day_last& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator+(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator+(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator-(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator-(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const years& dy) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_day_last& ymdl);

    // [time.cal.ymwd], class year_­month_­weekday
    class year_month_weekday;

    constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_weekday& x,
                              const year_month_weekday& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator+(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_weekday& ymwd) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator+(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const years& dy) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_weekday& ymwd) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator-(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator-(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const years& dy) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_weekday& ymwdi);

    // [time.cal.ymwdlast], class year_­month_­weekday_­last
    class year_month_weekday_last;

    constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_weekday_last& x,
                              const year_month_weekday_last& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const years& dy) noexcept;

    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl);

    // [time.cal.operators], civil calendar conventional syntax operators
    constexpr year_month
      operator/(const year& y, const month& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month
      operator/(const year& y, int m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day
      operator/(const month& m, const day& d) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day
      operator/(const month& m, int d) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day
      operator/(int m, const day& d) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day
      operator/(const day& d, const month& m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day
      operator/(const day& d, int m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day_last
      operator/(const month& m, last_spec) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day_last
      operator/(int m, last_spec) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day_last
      operator/(last_spec, const month& m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_day_last
      operator/(last_spec, int m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday
      operator/(const month& m, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday
      operator/(int m, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday
      operator/(const weekday_indexed& wdi, const month& m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday
      operator/(const weekday_indexed& wdi, int m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday_last
      operator/(const month& m, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday_last
      operator/(int m, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday_last
      operator/(const weekday_last& wdl, const month& m) noexcept;
    constexpr month_weekday_last
      operator/(const weekday_last& wdl, int m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day
      operator/(const year_month& ym, const day& d) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day
      operator/(const year_month& ym, int d) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day
      operator/(const year& y, const month_day& md) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day
      operator/(int y, const month_day& md) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day
      operator/(const month_day& md, const year& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day
      operator/(const month_day& md, int y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator/(const year_month& ym, last_spec) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator/(const year& y, const month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator/(int y, const month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator/(const month_day_last& mdl, const year& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last
      operator/(const month_day_last& mdl, int y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator/(const year_month& ym, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator/(const year& y, const month_weekday& mwd) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator/(int y, const month_weekday& mwd) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator/(const month_weekday& mwd, const year& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday
      operator/(const month_weekday& mwd, int y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator/(const year_month& ym, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator/(const year& y, const month_weekday_last& mwdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator/(int y, const month_weekday_last& mwdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator/(const month_weekday_last& mwdl, const year& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last
      operator/(const month_weekday_last& mwdl, int y) noexcept;

    // [time.hms], class template hh_­mm_­ss
    template<class Duration> class hh_mm_ss;

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const hh_mm_ss<Duration>& hms);

    // [time.12], 12/24 hour functions
    constexpr bool is_am(const hours& h) noexcept;
    constexpr bool is_pm(const hours& h) noexcept;
    constexpr hours make12(const hours& h) noexcept;
    constexpr hours make24(const hours& h, bool is_pm) noexcept;

    // [time.zone.db], time zone database
    struct tzdb;
    class tzdb_list;

    // [time.zone.db.access], time zone database access
    const tzdb& get_tzdb();
    tzdb_list& get_tzdb_list();
    const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view tz_name);
    const time_zone* current_zone();

    // [time.zone.db.remote], remote time zone database support
    const tzdb& reload_tzdb();
    string remote_version();

    // [time.zone.exception], exception classes
    class nonexistent_local_time;
    class ambiguous_local_time;

    // [time.zone.info], information classes
    struct sys_info;
    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_info& si);

    struct local_info;
    template<class charT, class traits>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const local_info& li);

    // [time.zone.timezone], class time_­zone
    enum class choose {earliest, latest};
    class time_zone;

    bool operator==(const time_zone& x, const time_zone& y) noexcept;
    strong_ordering operator<=>(const time_zone& x, const time_zone& y) noexcept;

    // [time.zone.zonedtraits], class template zoned_­traits
    template<class T> struct zoned_traits;

    // [time.zone.zonedtime], class template zoned_­time
    template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr = const time_zone*> class zoned_time;

    using zoned_seconds = zoned_time<seconds>;

    template<class Duration1, class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr>
      bool operator==(const zoned_time<Duration1, TimeZonePtr>& x,
                      const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr>& y);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class TimeZonePtr>
      basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os,
                   const zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& t);

    // [time.zone.leap], leap second support
    class leap_second;

    bool operator==(const leap_second& x, const leap_second& y);
    strong_ordering operator<=>(const leap_second& x, const leap_second& y);

    template<class Duration>
      bool operator==(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator< (const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator< (const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator> (const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator> (const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator<=(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator<=(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator>=(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);
    template<class Duration>
      bool operator>=(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y);
    template<class Duration>
      requires three_way_comparable_with<sys_seconds, sys_time<Duration>>
      constexpr auto operator<=>(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y);

    // [time.zone.link], class time_­zone_­link
    class time_zone_link;

    bool operator==(const time_zone_link& x, const time_zone_link& y);
    strong_ordering operator<=>(const time_zone_link& x, const time_zone_link& y);

    // [time.format], formatting
    template<class Duration> struct local-time-format-t;        // exposition only
    template<class Duration>
      local-time-format-t<Duration>
        local_time_format(local_time<Duration> time, const string* abbrev = nullptr,
                          const seconds* offset_sec = nullptr);
  }

  template<class Rep, class Period, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::sys_time<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::utc_time<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::tai_time<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::gps_time<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::file_time<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::local_time<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::day, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::weekday, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::weekday_indexed, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::weekday_last, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_day, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_day_last, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_weekday, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::month_weekday_last, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_day, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_day_last, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::year_month_weekday_last, charT>;
  template<class Rep, class Period, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::hh_mm_ss<duration<Rep, Period>>, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::sys_info, charT>;
  template<class charT> struct formatter<chrono::local_info, charT>;
  template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr, class charT>
    struct formatter<chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>, charT>;

  namespace chrono {
    // [time.parse], parsing
    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable>
      unspecified
        parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& format, Parsable& tp);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable>
      unspecified
        parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& format, Parsable& tp,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& abbrev);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable>
      unspecified
        parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& format, Parsable& tp,
              minutes& offset);

    template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable>
      unspecified
        parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& format, Parsable& tp,
              basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& abbrev, minutes& offset);

    // calendrical constants
    inline constexpr last_spec last{};

    inline constexpr weekday Sunday{0};
    inline constexpr weekday Monday{1};
    inline constexpr weekday Tuesday{2};
    inline constexpr weekday Wednesday{3};
    inline constexpr weekday Thursday{4};
    inline constexpr weekday Friday{5};
    inline constexpr weekday Saturday{6};

    inline constexpr month January{1};
    inline constexpr month February{2};
    inline constexpr month March{3};
    inline constexpr month April{4};
    inline constexpr month May{5};
    inline constexpr month June{6};
    inline constexpr month July{7};
    inline constexpr month August{8};
    inline constexpr month September{9};
    inline constexpr month October{10};
    inline constexpr month November{11};
    inline constexpr month December{12};
  }

  inline namespace literals {
  inline namespace chrono_literals {
    // [time.duration.literals], suffixes for duration literals
    constexpr chrono::hours                                 operator""h(unsigned long long);
    constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, ratio<3600, 1>> operator""h(long double);

    constexpr chrono::minutes                             operator""min(unsigned long long);
    constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, ratio<60, 1>> operator""min(long double);

    constexpr chrono::seconds               operator""s(unsigned long long);
    constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified> operator""s(long double);

    constexpr chrono::milliseconds                 operator""ms(unsigned long long);
    constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, milli> operator""ms(long double);

    constexpr chrono::microseconds                 operator""us(unsigned long long);
    constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, micro> operator""us(long double);

    constexpr chrono::nanoseconds                 operator""ns(unsigned long long);
    constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, nano> operator""ns(long double);

    // [time.cal.day.nonmembers], non-member functions
    constexpr chrono::day  operator""d(unsigned long long d) noexcept;

    // [time.cal.year.nonmembers], non-member functions
    constexpr chrono::year operator""y(unsigned long long y) noexcept;
  }
  }

  namespace chrono {
    using namespace literals::chrono_literals;
  }
}

27.3 Cpp17Clock requirements [time.clock.req]

1
#
A clock is a bundle consisting of a duration, a time_­point, and a function now() to get the current time_­point.
The origin of the clock's time_­point is referred to as the clock's epoch.
A clock shall meet the requirements in Table 97.
2
#
In Table 97 C1 and C2 denote clock types.
t1 and t2 are values returned by C1​::​now() where the call returning t1 happens before ([intro.multithread]) the call returning t2 and both of these calls occur before C1​::​time_­point​::​max().
[ Note
:
This means C1 did not wrap around between t1 and t2.
โ€” end note
 ]
Table 97: Cpp17Clock requirements   [tab:time.clock]
Expression
Return type
Operational semantics
C1​::​rep
An arithmetic type or a class emulating an arithmetic type
The representation type of C1​::​duration.
C1​::​period
a specialization of ratio
The tick period of the clock in seconds.
C1​::​duration
chrono​::​duration<C1​::​rep, C1​::​period>
The duration type of the clock.
C1​::​time_­point
chrono​::​time_­point<C1> or chrono​::​time_­point<C2, C1​::​duration>
The time_­point type of the clock.
C1 and C2 shall refer to the same epoch.
C1​::​is_­steady
const bool
true if t1 <= t2 is always true and the time between clock ticks is constant, otherwise false.
C1​::​now()
C1​::​time_­point
Returns a time_­point object representing the current point in time.
3
#
[ Note
:
The relative difference in durations between those reported by a given clock and the SI definition is a measure of the quality of implementation.
โ€” end note
 ]
4
#
A type TC meets the Cpp17TrivialClock requirements if:
  • (4.1)
    TC meets the Cpp17Clock requirements ([time.clock.req]),
  • (4.2)
    the types TC​::​rep, TC​::​duration, and TC​::​time_­point meet the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements and the requirements of numeric types ([numeric.requirements]).
    [ Note
    : This means, in particular, that operations on these types will not throw exceptions. โ€” end note
     ]
  • (4.3)
    lvalues of the types TC​::​rep, TC​::​duration, and TC​::​time_­point are swappable ([swappable.requirements]),
  • (4.4)
    the function TC​::​now() does not throw exceptions, and
  • (4.5)
    the type TC​::​time_­point​::​clock meets the Cpp17TrivialClock requirements, recursively.

27.4 Time-related traits [time.traits]

27.4.1 treat_­as_­floating_­point [time.traits.is.fp]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep> struct treat_as_floating_point : is_floating_point<Rep> { };
1
#
The duration template uses the treat_­as_­floating_­point trait to help determine if a duration object can be converted to another duration with a different tick period.
If treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<Rep> is true, then implicit conversions are allowed among durations.
Otherwise, the implicit convertibility depends on the tick periods of the durations.
[ Note
:
The intention of this trait is to indicate whether a given class behaves like a floating-point type, and thus allows division of one value by another with acceptable loss of precision.
If treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<Rep> is false, Rep will be treated as if it behaved like an integral type for the purpose of these conversions.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.4.2 duration_­values [time.traits.duration.values]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep> struct duration_values { public: static constexpr Rep zero() noexcept; static constexpr Rep min() noexcept; static constexpr Rep max() noexcept; };
1
#
The duration template uses the duration_­values trait to construct special values of the duration's representation (Rep).
This is done because the representation might be a class type with behavior which requires some other implementation to return these special values.
In that case, the author of that class type should specialize duration_­values to return the indicated values.
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr Rep zero() noexcept;
2
#
Returns: Rep(0).
[ Note
:
Rep(0) is specified instead of Rep() because Rep() may have some other meaning, such as an uninitialized value.
โ€” end note
 ]
3
#
Remarks: The value returned shall be the additive identity.
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr Rep min() noexcept;
4
#
Returns: numeric_­limits<Rep>​::​lowest().
5
#
Remarks: The value returned shall compare less than or equal to zero().
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr Rep max() noexcept;
6
#
Returns: numeric_­limits<Rep>​::​max().
7
#
Remarks: The value returned shall compare greater than zero().

27.4.3 Specializations of common_­type [time.traits.specializations]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> struct common_type<chrono::duration<Rep1, Period1>, chrono::duration<Rep2, Period2>> { using type = chrono::duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, see below>; };
1
#
The period of the duration indicated by this specialization of common_­type is the greatest common divisor of Period1 and Period2.
[ Note
:
This can be computed by forming a ratio of the greatest common divisor of Period1​::​num and Period2​::​num and the least common multiple of Period1​::​den and Period2​::​den.
โ€” end note
 ]
2
#
[ Note
:
The typedef name type is a synonym for the duration with the largest tick period possible where both duration arguments will convert to it without requiring a division operation.
The representation of this type is intended to be able to hold any value resulting from this conversion with no truncation error, although floating-point durations may have round-off errors.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> struct common_type<chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration1>, chrono::time_point<Clock, Duration2>> { using type = chrono::time_point<Clock, common_type_t<Duration1, Duration2>>; };
3
#
The common type of two time_­point types is a time_­point with the same clock as the two types and the common type of their two durations.

27.4.4 Class template is_­clock [time.traits.is.clock]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class T> struct is_clock;
1
#
is_­clock is a Cpp17UnaryTypeTrait ([meta.rqmts]) with a base characteristic of true_­type if T meets the Cpp17Clock requirements ([time.clock.req]), otherwise false_­type.
For the purposes of the specification of this trait, the extent to which an implementation determines that a type cannot meet the Cpp17Clock requirements is unspecified, except that as a minimum a type T shall not qualify as a Cpp17Clock unless it meets all of the following conditions:
  • (1.1)
    the qualified-ids T​::​rep, T​::​period, T​::​duration, and T​::​time_­point are valid and each denotes a type ([temp.deduct]),
  • (1.2)
    the expression T​::​is_­steady is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand,
  • (1.3)
    the expression T​::​now() is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.
2
#
The behavior of a program that adds specializations for is_­clock is undefined.

27.5 Class template duration [time.duration]

1
#
A duration type measures time between two points in time (time_­points).
A duration has a representation which holds a count of ticks and a tick period.
The tick period is the amount of time which occurs from one tick to the next, in units of seconds.
It is expressed as a rational constant using the template ratio.
namespace std::chrono {
  template<class Rep, class Period = ratio<1>>
  class duration {
  public:
    using rep    = Rep;
    using period = typename Period::type;

  private:
    rep rep_;       // exposition only

  public:
    // [time.duration.cons], construct/copy/destroy
    constexpr duration() = default;
    template<class Rep2>
      constexpr explicit duration(const Rep2& r);
    template<class Rep2, class Period2>
      constexpr duration(const duration<Rep2, Period2>& d);
    ~duration() = default;
    duration(const duration&) = default;
    duration& operator=(const duration&) = default;

    // [time.duration.observer], observer
    constexpr rep count() const;

    // [time.duration.arithmetic], arithmetic
    constexpr common_type_t<duration> operator+() const;
    constexpr common_type_t<duration> operator-() const;
    constexpr duration& operator++();
    constexpr duration  operator++(int);
    constexpr duration& operator--();
    constexpr duration  operator--(int);

    constexpr duration& operator+=(const duration& d);
    constexpr duration& operator-=(const duration& d);

    constexpr duration& operator*=(const rep& rhs);
    constexpr duration& operator/=(const rep& rhs);
    constexpr duration& operator%=(const rep& rhs);
    constexpr duration& operator%=(const duration& rhs);

    // [time.duration.special], special values
    static constexpr duration zero() noexcept;
    static constexpr duration min() noexcept;
    static constexpr duration max() noexcept;
  };
}
2
#
Rep shall be an arithmetic type or a class emulating an arithmetic type.
If duration is instantiated with a duration type as the argument for the template parameter Rep, the program is ill-formed.
3
#
If Period is not a specialization of ratio, the program is ill-formed.
If Period​::​num is not positive, the program is ill-formed.
4
#
Members of duration do not throw exceptions other than those thrown by the indicated operations on their representations.
5
#
The defaulted copy constructor of duration shall be a constexpr function if and only if the required initialization of the member rep_­ for copy and move, respectively, would satisfy the requirements for a constexpr function.
6
#
[ Example
: 
duration<long, ratio<60>> d0;       // holds a count of minutes using a long
duration<long long, milli> d1;      // holds a count of milliseconds using a long long
duration<double, ratio<1, 30>>  d2; // holds a count with a tick period of  of a second
                                    // (30 Hz) using a double
โ€” end example
 ]

27.5.1 Constructors [time.duration.cons]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep2> constexpr explicit duration(const Rep2& r);
1
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<const Rep2&, rep> is true and
  • (1.1)
    treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<rep> is true or
  • (1.2)
    treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<Rep2> is false.
[ Example
: 
duration<int, milli> d(3);          // OK
duration<int, milli> d(3.5);        // error
โ€” end example
 ]
2
#
Postconditions: count() == static_­cast<rep>(r).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr duration(const duration<Rep2, Period2>& d);
3
#
Constraints: No overflow is induced in the conversion and treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<rep> is true or both ratio_­divide<Period2, period>​::​den is 1 and treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<Rep2> is false.
[ Note
:
This requirement prevents implicit truncation error when converting between integral-based duration types.
Such a construction could easily lead to confusion about the value of the duration.
โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
: 
duration<int, milli> ms(3);
duration<int, micro> us = ms;       // OK
duration<int, milli> ms2 = us;      // error
โ€” end example
 ]
4
#
Effects: Initializes rep_­ with duration_­cast<duration>(d).count().

27.5.2 Observer [time.duration.observer]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr rep count() const;
1
#
Returns: rep_­.

27.5.3 Arithmetic [time.duration.arithmetic]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr common_type_t<duration> operator+() const;
1
#
Returns: common_­type_­t<duration>(*this).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr common_type_t<duration> operator-() const;
2
#
Returns: common_­type_­t<duration>(-rep_­).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator++();
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: ++rep_­.
4
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration operator++(int);
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return duration(rep_­++);
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator--();
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: --rep_­.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration operator--(int);
8
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return duration(rep_­--);
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator+=(const duration& d);
9
#
Effects: Equivalent to: rep_­ += d.count().
10
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator-=(const duration& d);
11
#
Effects: Equivalent to: rep_­ -= d.count().
12
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator*=(const rep& rhs);
13
#
Effects: Equivalent to: rep_­ *= rhs.
14
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator/=(const rep& rhs);
15
#
Effects: Equivalent to: rep_­ /= rhs.
16
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator%=(const rep& rhs);
17
#
Effects: Equivalent to: rep_­ %= rhs.
18
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration& operator%=(const duration& rhs);
19
#
Effects: Equivalent to: rep_­ %= rhs.count().
20
#
Returns: *this.

27.5.4 Special values [time.duration.special]

๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr duration zero() noexcept;
1
#
Returns: duration(duration_­values<rep>​::​zero()).
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr duration min() noexcept;
2
#
Returns: duration(duration_­values<rep>​::​min()).
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr duration max() noexcept;
3
#
Returns: duration(duration_­values<rep>​::​max()).

27.5.5 Non-member arithmetic [time.duration.nonmember]

1
#
In the function descriptions that follow, unless stated otherwise, let CD represent the return type of the function.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>> operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: CD(CD(lhs).count() + CD(rhs).count()).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>> operator-(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
3
#
Returns: CD(CD(lhs).count() - CD(rhs).count()).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2> constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period> operator*(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
4
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<const Rep2&, common_­type_­t<Rep1, Rep2>> is true.
5
#
Returns: CD(CD(d).count() * s).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Rep2, class Period> constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period> operator*(const Rep1& s, const duration<Rep2, Period>& d);
6
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<const Rep1&, common_­type_­t<Rep1, Rep2>> is true.
7
#
Returns: d * s.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2> constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period> operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
8
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<const Rep2&, common_­type_­t<Rep1, Rep2>> is true and Rep2 is not a specialization of duration.
9
#
Returns: CD(CD(d).count() / s).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2> operator/(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
10
#
Let CD be common_­type_­t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>>.
11
#
Returns: CD(lhs).count() / CD(rhs).count().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period, class Rep2> constexpr duration<common_type_t<Rep1, Rep2>, Period> operator%(const duration<Rep1, Period>& d, const Rep2& s);
12
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<const Rep2&, common_­type_­t<Rep1, Rep2>> is true and Rep2 is not a specialization of duration.
13
#
Returns: CD(CD(d).count() % s).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, duration<Rep2, Period2>> operator%(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
14
#
Returns: CD(CD(lhs).count() % CD(rhs).count()).

27.5.6 Comparisons [time.duration.comparisons]

1
#
In the function descriptions that follow, CT represents common_­type_­t<A, B>, where A and B are the types of the two arguments to the function.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr bool operator==(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: CT(lhs).count() == CT(rhs).count().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr bool operator<(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
3
#
Returns: CT(lhs).count() < CT(rhs).count().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr bool operator>(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
4
#
Returns: rhs < lhs.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr bool operator<=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
5
#
Returns: !(rhs < lhs).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr bool operator>=(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
6
#
Returns: !(lhs < rhs).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Rep2, class Period2> requires three_­way_­comparable<typename CT::rep> constexpr auto operator<=>(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
7
#
Returns: CT(lhs).count() <=> CT(rhs).count().

27.5.7 Conversions [time.duration.cast]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period> constexpr ToDuration duration_cast(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
1
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration.
2
#
Returns: Let CF be ratio_­divide<Period, typename ToDuration​::​period>, and CR be common_­type<typename ToDuration​::​rep, Rep, intmax_­t>​::​type.
  • (2.1)
    If CF​::​num == 1 and CF​::​den == 1, returns 
    ToDuration(static_cast<typename ToDuration::rep>(d.count()))
  • (2.2)
    otherwise, if CF​::​num != 1 and CF​::​den == 1, returns 
    ToDuration(static_cast<typename ToDuration::rep>(
  static_cast<CR>(d.count()) * static_cast<CR>(CF::num)))
  • (2.3)
    otherwise, if CF​::​num == 1 and CF​::​den != 1, returns 
    ToDuration(static_cast<typename ToDuration::rep>(
  static_cast<CR>(d.count()) / static_cast<CR>(CF::den)))
  • (2.4)
    otherwise, returns 
    ToDuration(static_cast<typename ToDuration::rep>(
  static_cast<CR>(d.count()) * static_cast<CR>(CF::num) / static_cast<CR>(CF::den)))
3
#
[ Note
:
This function does not use any implicit conversions; all conversions are done with static_­cast.
It avoids multiplications and divisions when it is known at compile time that one or more arguments is 1.
Intermediate computations are carried out in the widest representation and only converted to the destination representation at the final step.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period> constexpr ToDuration floor(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
4
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration.
5
#
Returns: The greatest result t representable in ToDuration for which t <= d.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period> constexpr ToDuration ceil(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
6
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration.
7
#
Returns: The least result t representable in ToDuration for which t >= d.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Rep, class Period> constexpr ToDuration round(const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
8
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration and treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<typename ToDuration​::​rep> is false.
9
#
Returns: The value of ToDuration that is closest to d.
If there are two closest values, then return the value t for which t % 2 == 0.

27.5.8 Suffixes for duration literals [time.duration.literals]

1
#
This subclause describes literal suffixes for constructing duration literals.
The suffixes h, min, s, ms, us, ns denote duration values of the corresponding types hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds, microseconds, and nanoseconds respectively if they are applied to integer-literals.
2
#
If any of these suffixes are applied to a floating-point-literal the result is a chrono​::​duration literal with an unspecified floating-point representation.
3
#
If any of these suffixes are applied to an integer-literal and the resulting chrono​::​duration value cannot be represented in the result type because of overflow, the program is ill-formed.
4
#
[ Example
:
The following code shows some duration literals.
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
auto constexpr aday=24h;
auto constexpr lesson=45min;
auto constexpr halfanhour=0.5h;
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::hours operator""h(unsigned long long hours); constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, ratio<3600, 1>> operator""h(long double hours);
5
#
Returns: A duration literal representing hours hours.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::minutes operator""min(unsigned long long minutes); constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, ratio<60, 1>> operator""min(long double minutes);
6
#
Returns: A duration literal representing minutes minutes.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::seconds operator""s(unsigned long long sec); constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified> operator""s(long double sec);
7
#
Returns: A duration literal representing sec seconds.
8
#
[ Note
:
The same suffix s is used for basic_­string but there is no conflict, since duration suffixes apply to numbers and string literal suffixes apply to character array literals.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::milliseconds operator""ms(unsigned long long msec); constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, milli> operator""ms(long double msec);
9
#
Returns: A duration literal representing msec milliseconds.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::microseconds operator""us(unsigned long long usec); constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, micro> operator""us(long double usec);
10
#
Returns: A duration literal representing usec microseconds.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::nanoseconds operator""ns(unsigned long long nsec); constexpr chrono::duration<unspecified, nano> operator""ns(long double nsec);
11
#
Returns: A duration literal representing nsec nanoseconds.

27.5.9 Algorithms [time.duration.alg]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep, class Period> constexpr duration<Rep, Period> abs(duration<Rep, Period> d);
1
#
Constraints: numeric_­limits<Rep>​::​is_­signed is true.
2
#
Returns: If d >= d.zero(), return d, otherwise return -d.

27.5.10 I/O [time.duration.io]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Rep, class Period> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const duration<Rep, Period>& d);
1
#
Effects: Inserts the duration d onto the stream os as if it were implemented as follows: 
basic_ostringstream<charT, traits> s;
s.flags(os.flags());
s.imbue(os.getloc());
s.precision(os.precision());
s << d.count() << units-suffix;
return os << s.str();
where units-suffix depends on the type Period​::​type as follows:
  • (1.1)
    If Period​::​type is atto, units-suffix is "as".
  • (1.2)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is femto, units-suffix is "fs".
  • (1.3)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is pico, units-suffix is "ps".
  • (1.4)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is nano, units-suffix is "ns".
  • (1.5)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is micro, it is implementation-defined whether units-suffix is "ฮผs" ("\u00b5\u0073") or "us".
  • (1.6)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is milli, units-suffix is "ms".
  • (1.7)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is centi, units-suffix is "cs".
  • (1.8)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is deci, units-suffix is "ds".
  • (1.9)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is ratio<1>, units-suffix is "s".
  • (1.10)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is deca, units-suffix is "das".
  • (1.11)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is hecto, units-suffix is "hs".
  • (1.12)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is kilo, units-suffix is "ks".
  • (1.13)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is mega, units-suffix is "Ms".
  • (1.14)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is giga, units-suffix is "Gs".
  • (1.15)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is tera, units-suffix is "Ts".
  • (1.16)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is peta, units-suffix is "Ps".
  • (1.17)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is exa, units-suffix is "Es".
  • (1.18)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is ratio<60>, units-suffix is "min".
  • (1.19)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is ratio<3600>, units-suffix is "h".
  • (1.20)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type is ratio<86400>, units-suffix is "d".
  • (1.21)
    Otherwise, if Period​::​type​::​den == 1, units-suffix is "[num]s".
  • (1.22)
    Otherwise, units-suffix is "[num/den]s".
In the list above, the use of num and den refer to the static data members of Period​::​type, which are converted to arrays of charT using a decimal conversion with no leading zeroes.
2
#
Returns: os.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Rep, class Period, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, duration<Rep, Period>& d, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
3
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the duration d using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse parses everything specified by the parsing format flags without error, and yet none of the flags impacts a duration, d will be assigned a zero value.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
4
#
Returns: is.

27.6 Class template time_­point [time.point]

namespace std::chrono {
  template<class Clock, class Duration = typename Clock::duration>
  class time_point {
  public:
    using clock    = Clock;
    using duration = Duration;
    using rep      = typename duration::rep;
    using period   = typename duration::period;

  private:
    duration d_;                                                // exposition only

  public:
    // [time.point.cons], construct
    constexpr time_point();                                     // has value epoch
    constexpr explicit time_point(const duration& d);           // same as time_­point() + d
    template<class Duration2>
      constexpr time_point(const time_point<clock, Duration2>& t);

    // [time.point.observer], observer
    constexpr duration time_since_epoch() const;

    // [time.point.arithmetic], arithmetic
    constexpr time_point& operator++();
    constexpr time_point operator++(int);
    constexpr time_point& operator--();
    constexpr time_point operator--(int);
    constexpr time_point& operator+=(const duration& d);
    constexpr time_point& operator-=(const duration& d);

    // [time.point.special], special values
    static constexpr time_point min() noexcept;
    static constexpr time_point max() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
Clock shall either meet the Cpp17Clock requirements ([time.clock.req]) or be the type local_­t.
2
#
If Duration is not an instance of duration, the program is ill-formed.

27.6.1 Constructors [time.point.cons]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point();
1
#
Effects: Initializes d_­ with duration​::​zero().
Such a time_­point object represents the epoch.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit time_point(const duration& d);
2
#
Effects: Initializes d_­ with d.
Such a time_­point object represents the epoch + d.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration2> constexpr time_point(const time_point<clock, Duration2>& t);
3
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<Duration2, duration> is true.
4
#
Effects: Initializes d_­ with t.time_­since_­epoch().

27.6.2 Observer [time.point.observer]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr duration time_since_epoch() const;
1
#
Returns: d_­.

27.6.3 Arithmetic [time.point.arithmetic]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point& operator++();
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: ++d_­.
2
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point operator++(int);
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return time_­point{d_­++};
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point& operator--();
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to: --d_­.
5
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point operator--(int);
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return time_­point{d_­--};
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point& operator+=(const duration& d);
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to: d_­ += d.
8
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr time_point& operator-=(const duration& d);
9
#
Effects: Equivalent to: d_­ -= d.
10
#
Returns: *this.

27.6.4 Special values [time.point.special]

๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr time_point min() noexcept;
1
#
Returns: time_­point(duration​::​min()).
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr time_point max() noexcept;
2
#
Returns: time_­point(duration​::​max()).

27.6.5 Non-member arithmetic [time.point.nonmember]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr time_point<Clock, common_type_t<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>> operator+(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
1
#
Returns: CT(lhs.time_­since_­epoch() + rhs), where CT is the type of the return value.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Rep1, class Period1, class Clock, class Duration2> constexpr time_point<Clock, common_type_t<duration<Rep1, Period1>, Duration2>> operator+(const duration<Rep1, Period1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: rhs + lhs.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Rep2, class Period2> constexpr time_point<Clock, common_type_t<Duration1, duration<Rep2, Period2>>> operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const duration<Rep2, Period2>& rhs);
3
#
Returns: CT(lhs.time_­since_­epoch() - rhs), where CT is the type of the return value.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> constexpr common_type_t<Duration1, Duration2> operator-(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
4
#
Returns: lhs.time_­since_­epoch() - rhs.time_­since_­epoch().

27.6.6 Comparisons [time.point.comparisons]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> constexpr bool operator==(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
1
#
Returns: lhs.time_­since_­epoch() == rhs.time_­since_­epoch().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> constexpr bool operator<(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
2
#
Returns: lhs.time_­since_­epoch() < rhs.time_­since_­epoch().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> constexpr bool operator>(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
3
#
Returns: rhs < lhs.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> constexpr bool operator<=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
4
#
Returns: !(rhs < lhs).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, class Duration2> constexpr bool operator>=(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
5
#
Returns: !(lhs < rhs).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Clock, class Duration1, three_­way_­comparable_­with<Duration1> Duration2> constexpr auto operator<=>(const time_point<Clock, Duration1>& lhs, const time_point<Clock, Duration2>& rhs);
6
#
Returns: lhs.time_­since_­epoch() <=> rhs.time_­since_­epoch().

27.6.7 Conversions [time.point.cast]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration> constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> time_point_cast(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& t);
1
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration.
2
#
Returns: 
time_point<Clock, ToDuration>(duration_cast<ToDuration>(t.time_since_epoch()))
๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration> constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> floor(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);
3
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration.
4
#
Returns: time_­point<Clock, ToDuration>(floor<ToDuration>(tp.time_­since_­epoch())).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration> constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> ceil(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);
5
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration.
6
#
Returns: time_­point<Clock, ToDuration>(ceil<ToDuration>(tp.time_­since_­epoch())).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class ToDuration, class Clock, class Duration> constexpr time_point<Clock, ToDuration> round(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& tp);
7
#
Constraints: ToDuration is a specialization of duration, and treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<typename ToDuration​::​rep> is false.
8
#
Returns: time_­point<Clock, ToDuration>(round<ToDuration>(tp.time_­since_­epoch())).

27.7 Clocks [time.clock]

1
#
The types defined in this subclause meet the Cpp17TrivialClock requirements ([time.clock.req]) unless otherwise specified.

27.7.1 Class system_­clock [time.clock.system]

27.7.1.1 Overview [time.clock.system.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class system_clock {
  public:
    using rep        = see below;
    using period     = ratio<unspecified, unspecified>;
    using duration   = chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point = chrono::time_point<system_clock>;
    static constexpr bool is_steady = unspecified;

    static time_point now() noexcept;

    // mapping to/from C type time_­t
    static time_t      to_time_t  (const time_point& t) noexcept;
    static time_point  from_time_t(time_t t) noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
Objects of type system_­clock represent wall clock time from the system-wide realtime clock.
Objects of type sys_­time<Duration> measure time since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC excluding leap seconds.
This measure is commonly referred to as Unix time.
This measure facilitates an efficient mapping between sys_­time and calendar types ([time.cal]).
[ Example
:
sys_­seconds{sys_­days{1970y/January/1}}.time_­since_­epoch() is 0s.

sys_­seconds{sys_­days{2000y/January/1}}.time_­since_­epoch() is 946'684'800s, which is 10'957 * 86'400s.

โ€” end example
 ]

27.7.1.2 Members [time.clock.system.members]

๐Ÿ”—
using system_clock::rep = unspecified;
1
#
Constraints: system_­clock​::​duration​::​min() < system_­clock​::​duration​::​zero() is true.

[ Note
:
This implies that rep is a signed type.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
static time_t to_time_t(const time_point& t) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: A time_­t object that represents the same point in time as t when both values are restricted to the coarser of the precisions of time_­t and time_­point.
It is implementation-defined whether values are rounded or truncated to the required precision.
๐Ÿ”—
static time_point from_time_t(time_t t) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: A time_­point object that represents the same point in time as t when both values are restricted to the coarser of the precisions of time_­t and time_­point.
It is implementation-defined whether values are rounded or truncated to the required precision.

27.7.1.3 Non-member functions [time.clock.system.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_time<Duration>& tp);
1
#
Constraints: treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<typename Duration​::​rep> is false, and Duration{1} < days{1} is true.
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
auto const dp = floor<days>(tp);
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{} {}"),
                    year_month_day{dp}, hh_mm_ss{tp-dp});
3
#
[ Example
: 
cout << sys_seconds{0s} << '\n';                // 1970-01-01 00:00:00
cout << sys_seconds{946'684'800s} << '\n';      // 2000-01-01 00:00:00
cout << sys_seconds{946'688'523s} << '\n';      // 2000-01-01 01:02:03
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_days& dp);
4
#
Effects: os << year_­month_­day{dp}.
5
#
Returns: os.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, sys_time<Duration>& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
6
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the sys_­time tp using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid date, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and tp is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
Additionally, the parsed offset will be subtracted from the successfully parsed timestamp prior to assigning that difference to tp.
7
#
Returns: is.

27.7.2 Class utc_­clock [time.clock.utc]

27.7.2.1 Overview [time.clock.utc.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class utc_clock {
  public:
    using rep                       = a signed arithmetic type;
    using period                    = ratio<unspecified, unspecified>;
    using duration                  = chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point                = chrono::time_point<utc_clock>;
    static constexpr bool is_steady = unspecified;

    static time_point now();

    template<class Duration>
      static sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        to_sys(const utc_time<Duration>& t);
    template<class Duration>
      static utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        from_sys(const sys_time<Duration>& t);
  };
}
1
#
In contrast to sys_­time, which does not take leap seconds into account, utc_­clock and its associated time_­point, utc_­time, count time, including leap seconds, since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.
[ Note
: The UTC time standard began on 1972-01-01 00:00:10 TAI. To measure time since this epoch instead, one can add/subtract the constant sys_­days{1972y/1/1} - sys_­days{1970y/1/1} (63'072'000s) from the utc_­time. โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
:
clock_­cast<utc_­clock>(sys_­seconds{sys_­days{1970y/January/1}}).time_­since_­epoch() is 0s.
clock_­cast<utc_­clock>(sys_­seconds{sys_­days{2000y/January/1}}).time_­since_­epoch()
is 946'684'822s, which is 10'957 * 86'400s + 22s.
โ€” end example
 ]
2
#
utc_­clock is not a Cpp17TrivialClock unless the implementation can guarantee that utc_­clock​::​now() does not propagate an exception.
[ Note
:
noexcept(from_­sys(system_­clock​::​now())) is false.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.7.2.2 Member functions [time.clock.utc.members]

๐Ÿ”—
static time_point now();
1
#
Returns: from_­sys(system_­clock​::​now()), or a more accurate value of utc_­time.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> static sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> to_sys(const utc_time<Duration>& u);
2
#
Returns: A sys_­time t, such that from_­sys(t) == u if such a mapping exists.
Otherwise u represents a time_­point during a positive leap second insertion, the conversion counts that leap second as not inserted, and the last representable value of sys_­time prior to the insertion of the leap second is returned.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> static utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> from_sys(const sys_time<Duration>& t);
3
#
Returns: A utc_­time u, such that u.time_­since_­epoch() - t.time_­since_­epoch() is equal to the sum of leap seconds that were inserted between t and 1970-01-01.
If t is exactly the date of leap second insertion, then the conversion counts that leap second as inserted.
[ Example
: 
auto t = sys_days{July/1/2015} - 2ns;
auto u = utc_clock::from_sys(t);
assert(u.time_since_epoch() - t.time_since_epoch() == 25s);
t += 1ns;
u = utc_clock::from_sys(t);
assert(u.time_since_epoch() - t.time_since_epoch() == 25s);
t += 1ns;
u = utc_clock::from_sys(t);
assert(u.time_since_epoch() - t.time_since_epoch() == 26s);
t += 1ns;
u = utc_clock::from_sys(t);
assert(u.time_since_epoch() - t.time_since_epoch() == 26s);
โ€” end example
 ]

27.7.2.3 Non-member functions [time.clock.utc.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const utc_time<Duration>& t);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%F %T}"), t);
2
#
[ Example
: 
auto t = sys_days{July/1/2015} - 500ms;
auto u = clock_cast<utc_clock>(t);
for (auto i = 0; i < 8; ++i, u += 250ms)
  cout << u << " UTC\n";
Produces this output:
2015-06-30 23:59:59.500 UTC
2015-06-30 23:59:59.750 UTC
2015-06-30 23:59:60.000 UTC
2015-06-30 23:59:60.250 UTC
2015-06-30 23:59:60.500 UTC
2015-06-30 23:59:60.750 UTC
2015-07-01 00:00:00.000 UTC
2015-07-01 00:00:00.250 UTC
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, utc_time<Duration>& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
3
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the utc_­time tp using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid date, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and tp is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
Additionally, the parsed offset will be subtracted from the successfully parsed timestamp prior to assigning that difference to tp.
4
#
Returns: is.
๐Ÿ”—
struct leap_second_info { bool is_leap_second; seconds elapsed; };
5
#
The type leap_­second_­info has data members and special members specified above.
It has no base classes or members other than those specified.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> leap_second_info get_leap_second_info(const utc_time<Duration>& ut);
6
#
Returns: A leap_­second_­info lsi, where lsi.is_­leap_­second is true if ut is during a positive leap second insertion, and otherwise false.
lsi.elapsed is the sum of leap seconds between 1970-01-01 and ut.
If lsi.is_­leap_­second is true, the leap second referred to by ut is included in the sum.

27.7.3 Class tai_­clock [time.clock.tai]

27.7.3.1 Overview [time.clock.tai.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class tai_clock {
  public:
    using rep                       = a signed arithmetic type;
    using period                    = ratio<unspecified, unspecified>;
    using duration                  = chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point                = chrono::time_point<tai_clock>;
    static constexpr bool is_steady = unspecified;

    static time_point now();

    template<class Duration>
      static utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        to_utc(const tai_time<Duration>&) noexcept;
    template<class Duration>
      static tai_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        from_utc(const utc_time<Duration>&) noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The clock tai_­clock measures seconds since 1958-01-01 00:00:00 and is offset 10s ahead of UTC at this date.
That is, 1958-01-01 00:00:00 TAI is equivalent to 1957-12-31 23:59:50 UTC.
Leap seconds are not inserted into TAI.
Therefore every time a leap second is inserted into UTC, UTC shifts another second with respect to TAI.
For example by 2000-01-01 there had been 22 positive and 0 negative leap seconds inserted so 2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC is equivalent to 2000-01-01 00:00:32 TAI (22s plus the initial 10s offset).
2
#
tai_­clock is not a Cpp17TrivialClock unless the implementation can guarantee that tai_­clock​::​now() does not propagate an exception.
[ Note
:
noexcept(from_­utc(utc_­clock​::​now())) is false.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.7.3.2 Member functions [time.clock.tai.members]

๐Ÿ”—
static time_point now();
1
#
Returns: from_­utc(utc_­clock​::​now()), or a more accurate value of tai_­time.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> static utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> to_utc(const tai_time<Duration>& t) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: 
utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>{t.time_since_epoch()} - 378691210s
[ Note
: 
378691210s == sys_days{1970y/January/1} - sys_days{1958y/January/1} + 10s
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> static tai_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> from_utc(const utc_time<Duration>& t) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: 
tai_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>{t.time_since_epoch()} + 378691210s
[ Note
: 
378691210s == sys_days{1970y/January/1} - sys_days{1958y/January/1} + 10s
โ€” end note
 ]

27.7.3.3 Non-member functions [time.clock.tai.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const tai_time<Duration>& t);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%F %T}"), t);
2
#
[ Example
: 
auto st = sys_days{2000y/January/1};
auto tt = clock_cast<tai_clock>(st);
cout << format("{0:%F %T %Z} == {1:%F %T %Z}\n", st, tt);
Produces this output:
2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC == 2000-01-01 00:00:32 TAI
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, tai_time<Duration>& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
3
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the tai_­time tp using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid date, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and tp is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
Additionally, the parsed offset will be subtracted from the successfully parsed timestamp prior to assigning that difference to tp.
4
#
Returns: is.

27.7.4 Class gps_­clock [time.clock.gps]

27.7.4.1 Overview [time.clock.gps.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class gps_clock {
  public:
    using rep                       = a signed arithmetic type;
    using period                    = ratio<unspecified, unspecified>;
    using duration                  = chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point                = chrono::time_point<gps_clock>;
    static constexpr bool is_steady = unspecified;

    static time_point now();

    template<class Duration>
      static utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        to_utc(const gps_time<Duration>&) noexcept;
    template<class Duration>
      static gps_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        from_utc(const utc_time<Duration>&) noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The clock gps_­clock measures seconds since the first Sunday of January, 1980 00:00:00 UTC.
Leap seconds are not inserted into GPS.
Therefore every time a leap second is inserted into UTC, UTC shifts another second with respect to GPS.
Aside from the offset from 1958y/January/1 to 1980y/January/Sunday[1], GPS is behind TAI by 19s due to the 10s offset between 1958 and 1970 and the additional 9 leap seconds inserted between 1970 and 1980.
2
#
gps_­clock is not a Cpp17TrivialClock unless the implementation can guarantee that gps_­clock​::​now() does not propagate an exception.
[ Note
:
noexcept(from_­utc(utc_­clock​::​now())) is false.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.7.4.2 Member functions [time.clock.gps.members]

๐Ÿ”—
static time_point now();
1
#
Returns: from_­utc(utc_­clock​::​now()), or a more accurate value of gps_­time.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> static utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> to_utc(const gps_time<Duration>& t) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: 
gps_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>{t.time_since_epoch()} + 315964809s
[ Note
: 
315964809s == sys_days{1980y/January/Sunday[1]} - sys_days{1970y/January/1} + 9s
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> static gps_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> from_utc(const utc_time<Duration>& t) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: 
gps_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>{t.time_since_epoch()} - 315964809s
[ Note
: 
315964809s == sys_days{1980y/January/Sunday[1]} - sys_days{1970y/January/1} + 9s
โ€” end note
 ]

27.7.4.3 Non-member functions [time.clock.gps.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const gps_time<Duration>& t);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%F %T}"), t);
2
#
[ Example
: 
auto st = sys_days{2000y/January/1};
auto gt = clock_cast<gps_clock>(st);
cout << format("{0:%F %T %Z} == {1:%F %T %Z}\n", st, gt);
Produces this output:
2000-01-01 00:00:00 UTC == 2000-01-01 00:00:13 GPS
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, gps_time<Duration>& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
3
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the gps_­time tp using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid date, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and tp is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
Additionally, the parsed offset will be subtracted from the successfully parsed timestamp prior to assigning that difference to tp.
4
#
Returns: is.

27.7.5 Type file_­clock [time.clock.file]

27.7.5.1 Overview [time.clock.file.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  using file_clock = see below;
}
1
#
file_­clock is an alias for a type meeting the Cpp17TrivialClock requirements ([time.clock.req]), and using a signed arithmetic type for file_­clock​::​rep.
file_­clock is used to create the time_­point system used for file_­time_­type ([filesystems]).
Its epoch is unspecified, and noexcept(file_­clock​::​now()) is true.
[ Note
:
The type that file_­clock denotes may be in a different namespace than std​::​chrono, such as std​::​filesystem.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.7.5.2 Member functions [time.clock.file.members]

1
#
The type denoted by file_­clock provides precisely one of the following two sets of static member functions:
template<class Duration>
  static sys_time<see below>
    to_sys(const file_time<Duration>&);
template<class Duration>
  static file_time<see below>
    from_sys(const sys_time<Duration>&);
or:
template<class Duration>
  static utc_time<see below>
    to_utc(const file_time<Duration>&);
template<class Duration>
  static file_time<see below>
    from_utc(const utc_time<Duration>&);
These member functions shall provide time_­point conversions consistent with those specified by utc_­clock, tai_­clock, and gps_­clock.
The Duration of the resultant time_­point is computed from the Duration of the input time_­point.

27.7.5.3 Non-member functions [time.clock.file.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const file_time<Duration>& t);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%F %T}"), t);
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, file_time<Duration>& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
2
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the file_­time tp using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid date, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and tp is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
Additionally, the parsed offset will be subtracted from the successfully parsed timestamp prior to assigning that difference to tp.
3
#
Returns: is.

27.7.6 Class steady_­clock [time.clock.steady]

namespace std::chrono {
  class steady_clock {
  public:
    using rep        = unspecified;
    using period     = ratio<unspecified, unspecified>;
    using duration   = chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point = chrono::time_point<unspecified, duration>;
    static constexpr bool is_steady = true;

    static time_point now() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
Objects of class steady_­clock represent clocks for which values of time_­point never decrease as physical time advances and for which values of time_­point advance at a steady rate relative to real time.
That is, the clock may not be adjusted.

27.7.7 Class high_­resolution_­clock [time.clock.hires]

namespace std::chrono {
  class high_resolution_clock {
  public:
    using rep        = unspecified;
    using period     = ratio<unspecified, unspecified>;
    using duration   = chrono::duration<rep, period>;
    using time_point = chrono::time_point<unspecified, duration>;
    static constexpr bool is_steady = unspecified;

    static time_point now() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
Objects of class high_­resolution_­clock represent clocks with the shortest tick period.
high_­resolution_­clock may be a synonym for system_­clock or steady_­clock.

27.7.8 Local time [time.clock.local]

1
#
The family of time points denoted by local_­time<Duration> are based on the pseudo clock local_­t.
local_­t has no member now() and thus does not meet the clock requirements.
Nevertheless local_­time<Duration> serves the vital role of representing local time with respect to a not-yet-specified time zone.
Aside from being able to get the current time, the complete time_­point algebra is available for local_­time<Duration> (just as for sys_­time<Duration>).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const local_time<Duration>& lt);
2
#
Effects: 
os << sys_time<Duration>{lt.time_since_epoch()};
3
#
Returns: os.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, local_time<Duration>& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
4
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the local_­time tp using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid date, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and tp is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
5
#
Returns: is.

27.7.9 time_­point conversions [time.clock.cast]

27.7.9.1 Class template clock_­time_­conversion [time.clock.conv]

namespace std::chrono {
  template<class DestClock, class SourceClock>
  struct clock_time_conversion {};
}
1
#
clock_­time_­conversion serves as a trait which can be used to specify how to convert a source time_­point of type time_­point<SourceClock, Duration> to a destination time_­point of type time_­point<DestClock, Duration> via a specialization: clock_­time_­conversion<DestClock, SourceClock>.
A specialization of clock_­time_­conversion<DestClock, SourceClock> shall provide a const-qualified operator() that takes a parameter of type time_­point<SourceClock, Duration> and returns a time_­point<DestClock, OtherDuration> representing an equivalent point in time.
OtherDuration is a chrono​::​duration whose specialization is computed from the input Duration in a manner which can vary for each clock_­time_­conversion specialization.
A program may specialize clock_­time_­conversion if at least one of the template parameters is a user-defined clock type.
2
#
Several specializations are provided by the implementation, as described in [time.clock.cast.id], [time.clock.cast.sys.utc], [time.clock.cast.sys], and [time.clock.cast.utc].

27.7.9.2 Identity conversions [time.clock.cast.id]

template<class Clock>
struct clock_time_conversion<Clock, Clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    time_point<Clock, Duration>
      operator()(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& t) const;
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> time_point<Clock, Duration> operator()(const time_point<Clock, Duration>& t) const;
1
#
Returns: t.
template<>
struct clock_time_conversion<system_clock, system_clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    sys_time<Duration>
      operator()(const sys_time<Duration>& t) const;
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> sys_time<Duration> operator()(const sys_time<Duration>& t) const;
2
#
Returns: t.
template<>
struct clock_time_conversion<utc_clock, utc_clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    utc_time<Duration>
      operator()(const utc_time<Duration>& t) const;
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> utc_time<Duration> operator()(const utc_time<Duration>& t) const;
3
#
Returns: t.

27.7.9.3 Conversions between system_­clock and utc_­clock [time.clock.cast.sys.utc]

template<>
struct clock_time_conversion<utc_clock, system_clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
      operator()(const sys_time<Duration>& t) const;
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> utc_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> operator()(const sys_time<Duration>& t) const;
1
#
Returns: utc_­clock​::​from_­sys(t).
template<>
struct clock_time_conversion<system_clock, utc_clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
      operator()(const utc_time<Duration>& t) const;
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> operator()(const utc_time<Duration>& t) const;
2
#
Returns: utc_­clock​::​to_­sys(t).

27.7.9.4 Conversions between system_­clock and other clocks [time.clock.cast.sys]

template<class SourceClock>
struct clock_time_conversion<system_clock, SourceClock> {
  template<class Duration>
    auto operator()(const time_point<SourceClock, Duration>& t) const
      -> decltype(SourceClock::to_sys(t));
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> auto operator()(const time_point<SourceClock, Duration>& t) const -> decltype(SourceClock::to_sys(t));
1
#
Constraints: SourceClock​::​to_­sys(t) is well-formed.
2
#
Mandates: SourceClock​::​to_­sys(t) returns a sys_­time<Duration>, where Duration is a valid chrono​::​duration specialization.
3
#
Returns: SourceClock​::​to_­sys(t).
template<class DestClock>
struct clock_time_conversion<DestClock, system_clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    auto operator()(const sys_time<Duration>& t) const
      -> decltype(DestClock::from_sys(t));
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> auto operator()(const sys_time<Duration>& t) const -> decltype(DestClock::from_sys(t));
4
#
Constraints: DestClock​::​from_­sys(t) is well-formed.
5
#
Mandates: DestClock​::​from_­sys(t) returns a time_­point<DestClock, Duration>, where Duration is a valid chrono​::​duration specialization.
6
#
Returns: DestClock​::​from_­sys(t).

27.7.9.5 Conversions between utc_­clock and other clocks [time.clock.cast.utc]

template<class SourceClock>
struct clock_time_conversion<utc_clock, SourceClock> {
  template<class Duration>
    auto operator()(const time_point<SourceClock, Duration>& t) const
      -> decltype(SourceClock::to_utc(t));
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> auto operator()(const time_point<SourceClock, Duration>& t) const -> decltype(SourceClock::to_utc(t));
1
#
Constraints: SourceClock​::​to_­utc(t) is well-formed.
2
#
Mandates: SourceClock​::​to_­utc(t) returns a utc_­time<Duration>, where Duration is a valid chrono​::​duration specialization.
3
#
Returns: SourceClock​::​to_­utc(t).
template<class DestClock>
struct clock_time_conversion<DestClock, utc_clock> {
  template<class Duration>
    auto operator()(const utc_time<Duration>& t) const
      -> decltype(DestClock::from_utc(t));
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> auto operator()(const utc_time<Duration>& t) const -> decltype(DestClock::from_utc(t));
4
#
Constraints: DestClock​::​from_­utc(t) is well-formed.
5
#
Mandates: DestClock​::​from_­utc(t) returns a time_­point<DestClock, Duration>, where Duration is a valid chrono​::​duration specialization.
6
#
Returns: DestClock​::​from_­utc(t).

27.7.9.6 Function template clock_­cast [time.clock.cast.fn]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class DestClock, class SourceClock, class Duration> auto clock_cast(const time_point<SourceClock, Duration>& t);
1
#
Constraints: At least one of the following clock time conversion expressions is well-formed:
  • (1.1)
    clock_time_conversion<DestClock, SourceClock>{}(t)
  • (1.2)
    clock_time_conversion<DestClock, system_clock>{}(
    clock_time_conversion<system_clock, SourceClock>{}(t))
  • (1.3)
    clock_time_conversion<DestClock, utc_clock>{}(
    clock_time_conversion<utc_clock, SourceClock>{}(t))
  • (1.4)
    clock_time_conversion<DestClock, utc_clock>{}(
    clock_time_conversion<utc_clock, system_clock>{}(
        clock_time_conversion<system_clock, SourceClock>{}(t)))
  • (1.5)
    clock_time_conversion<DestClock, system_clock>{}(
    clock_time_conversion<system_clock, utc_clock>{}(
        clock_time_conversion<utc_clock, SourceClock>{}(t)))
A clock time conversion expression is considered better than another clock time conversion expression if it involves fewer operator() calls on clock_­time_­conversion specializations.
2
#
Mandates: Among the well-formed clock time conversion expressions from the above list, there is a unique best expression.
3
#
Returns: The best well-formed clock time conversion expression in the above list.

27.8 The civil calendar [time.cal]

27.8.1 In general [time.cal.general]

1
#
The types in [time.cal] describe the civil (Gregorian) calendar and its relationship to sys_­days and local_­days.

27.8.2 Class last_­spec [time.cal.last]

namespace std::chrono {
  struct last_spec {
    explicit last_spec() = default;
  };
}
1
#
The type last_­spec is used in conjunction with other calendar types to specify the last in a sequence.
For example, depending on context, it can represent the last day of a month, or the last day of the week of a month.

27.8.3 Class day [time.cal.day]

27.8.3.1 Overview [time.cal.day.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class day {
    unsigned char d_;           // exposition only
  public:
    day() = default;
    constexpr explicit day(unsigned d) noexcept;

    constexpr day& operator++()    noexcept;
    constexpr day  operator++(int) noexcept;
    constexpr day& operator--()    noexcept;
    constexpr day  operator--(int) noexcept;

    constexpr day& operator+=(const days& d) noexcept;
    constexpr day& operator-=(const days& d) noexcept;

    constexpr explicit operator unsigned() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
day represents a day of a month.
It normally holds values in the range 1 to 31, but may hold non-negative values outside this range.
It can be constructed with any unsigned value, which will be subsequently truncated to fit into day's unspecified internal storage.
day meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements, and participates in basic arithmetic with days objects, which represent a difference between two day objects.
2
#
day is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.3.2 Member functions [time.cal.day.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit day(unsigned d) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes d_­ with d.
The value held is unspecified if d is not in the range [0, 255].
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day& operator++() noexcept;
2
#
Effects: ++d_­.
3
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day operator++(int) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: ++(*this).
5
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day& operator--() noexcept;
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: --d_­.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day operator--(int) noexcept;
8
#
Effects: --(*this).
9
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day& operator+=(const days& d) noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this = *this + d.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day& operator-=(const days& d) noexcept;
12
#
Effects: *this = *this - d.
13
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator unsigned() const noexcept;
14
#
Returns: d_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
15
#
Returns: 1 <= d_­ && d_­ <= 31.

27.8.3.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.day.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: unsigned{x} == unsigned{y}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: unsigned{x} <=> unsigned{y}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day operator+(const day& x, const days& y) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: day(unsigned{x} + y.count()).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day operator+(const days& x, const day& y) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: y + x.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr day operator-(const day& x, const days& y) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: x + -y.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr days operator-(const day& x, const day& y) noexcept;
6
#
Returns: days{int(unsigned{x}) - int(unsigned{y})}.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const day& d);
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << (d.ok() ?
  format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%d}"), d) :
  format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%d} is not a valid day"), d));
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, day& d, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
8
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the day d using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid day, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and d is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
9
#
Returns: is.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::day operator""d(unsigned long long d) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: day{static_­cast<unsigned>(d)}.

27.8.4 Class month [time.cal.month]

27.8.4.1 Overview [time.cal.month.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class month {
    unsigned char m_;           // exposition only
  public:
    month() = default;
    constexpr explicit month(unsigned m) noexcept;

    constexpr month& operator++()    noexcept;
    constexpr month  operator++(int) noexcept;
    constexpr month& operator--()    noexcept;
    constexpr month  operator--(int) noexcept;

    constexpr month& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr month& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;

    constexpr explicit operator unsigned() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
month represents a month of a year.
It normally holds values in the range 1 to 12, but may hold non-negative values outside this range.
It can be constructed with any unsigned value, which will be subsequently truncated to fit into month's unspecified internal storage.
month meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements, and participates in basic arithmetic with months objects, which represent a difference between two month objects.
2
#
month is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.4.2 Member functions [time.cal.month.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit month(unsigned m) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes m_­ with m.
The value held is unspecified if m is not in the range [0, 255].
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month& operator++() noexcept;
2
#
Effects: *this += months{1}.
3
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month operator++(int) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: ++(*this).
5
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month& operator--() noexcept;
6
#
Effects: *this -= months{1}.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month operator--(int) noexcept;
8
#
Effects: --(*this).
9
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this = *this + m.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
12
#
Effects: *this = *this - m.
13
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator unsigned() const noexcept;
14
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
15
#
Returns: 1 <= m_­ && m_­ <= 12.

27.8.4.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.month.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: unsigned{x} == unsigned{y}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: unsigned{x} <=> unsigned{y}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month operator+(const month& x, const months& y) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: 
month{modulo(static_cast<long long>(unsigned{x}) + (y.count() - 1), 12) + 1}
where modulo(n, 12) computes the remainder of n divided by 12 using Euclidean division.
[ Note
:
Given a divisor of 12, Euclidean division truncates towards negative infinity and always produces a remainder in the range of [0, 11].
Assuming no overflow in the signed summation, this operation results in a month holding a value in the range [1, 12] even if !x.ok().
โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
:
February + months{11} == January.
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month operator+(const months& x, const month& y) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: y + x.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month operator-(const month& x, const months& y) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: x + -y.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr months operator-(const month& x, const month& y) noexcept;
6
#
Returns: If x.ok() == true and y.ok() == true, returns a value m in the range [months{0}, months{11}] satisfying y + m == x.
Otherwise the value returned is unspecified.
[ Example
:
January - February == months{11}.
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month& m);
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << (m.ok() ?
  format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%b}"), m) :
  format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{} is not a valid month"),
         static_cast<unsigned>(m)));
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, month& m, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
8
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the month m using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid month, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and m is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
9
#
Returns: is.

27.8.5 Class year [time.cal.year]

27.8.5.1 Overview [time.cal.year.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class year {
    short y_;                   // exposition only
  public:
    year() = default;
    constexpr explicit year(int y) noexcept;

    constexpr year& operator++()    noexcept;
    constexpr year  operator++(int) noexcept;
    constexpr year& operator--()    noexcept;
    constexpr year  operator--(int) noexcept;

    constexpr year& operator+=(const years& y) noexcept;
    constexpr year& operator-=(const years& y) noexcept;

    constexpr year operator+() const noexcept;
    constexpr year operator-() const noexcept;

    constexpr bool is_leap() const noexcept;

    constexpr explicit operator int() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;

    static constexpr year min() noexcept;
    static constexpr year max() noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
year represents a year in the civil calendar.
It can represent values in the range [min(), max()].
It can be constructed with any int value, which will be subsequently truncated to fit into year's unspecified internal storage.
year meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements, and participates in basic arithmetic with years objects, which represent a difference between two year objects.
2
#
year is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.5.2 Member functions [time.cal.year.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit year(int y) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with y.
The value held is unspecified if y is not in the range [-32767, 32767].
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year& operator++() noexcept;
2
#
Effects: ++y_­.
3
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year operator++(int) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: ++(*this).
5
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year& operator--() noexcept;
6
#
Effects: --y_­.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year operator--(int) noexcept;
8
#
Effects: --(*this).
9
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year& operator+=(const years& y) noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this = *this + y.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year& operator-=(const years& y) noexcept;
12
#
Effects: *this = *this - y.
13
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year operator+() const noexcept;
14
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year year::operator-() const noexcept;
15
#
Returns: year{-y_­}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool is_leap() const noexcept;
16
#
Returns: y_­ % 4 == 0 && (y_­ % 100 != 0 || y_­ % 400 == 0).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator int() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: min().y_­ <= y_­ && y_­ <= max().y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr year min() noexcept;
19
#
Returns: year{-32767}.
๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr year max() noexcept;
20
#
Returns: year{32767}.

27.8.5.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.year.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: int{x} == int{y}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: int{x} <=> int{y}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year operator+(const year& x, const years& y) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: year{int{x} + y.count()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year operator+(const years& x, const year& y) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: y + x.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year operator-(const year& x, const years& y) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: x + -y.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr years operator-(const year& x, const year& y) noexcept;
6
#
Returns: years{int{x} - int{y}}.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year& y);
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << (y.ok() ?
  format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%Y}"), y) :
  format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%Y} is not a valid year"), y));
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, year& y, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
8
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the year y using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid year, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and y is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
9
#
Returns: is.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::year operator""y(unsigned long long y) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: year{static_­cast<int>(y)}.

27.8.6 Class weekday [time.cal.wd]

27.8.6.1 Overview [time.cal.wd.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class weekday {
    unsigned char wd_;          // exposition only
  public:
    weekday() = default;
    constexpr explicit weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept;
    constexpr weekday(const sys_days& dp) noexcept;
    constexpr explicit weekday(const local_days& dp) noexcept;

    constexpr weekday& operator++()    noexcept;
    constexpr weekday  operator++(int) noexcept;
    constexpr weekday& operator--()    noexcept;
    constexpr weekday  operator--(int) noexcept;

    constexpr weekday& operator+=(const days& d) noexcept;
    constexpr weekday& operator-=(const days& d) noexcept;

    constexpr unsigned c_encoding() const noexcept;
    constexpr unsigned iso_encoding() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;

    constexpr weekday_indexed operator[](unsigned index) const noexcept;
    constexpr weekday_last    operator[](last_spec) const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
weekday represents a day of the week in the civil calendar.
It normally holds values in the range 0 to 6, corresponding to Sunday through Saturday, but it may hold non-negative values outside this range.
It can be constructed with any unsigned value, which will be subsequently truncated to fit into weekday's unspecified internal storage.
weekday meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) requirements.
[ Note
:
weekday is not Cpp17LessThanComparable because there is no universal consensus on which day is the first day of the week.
weekday's arithmetic operations treat the days of the week as a circular range, with no beginning and no end.
โ€” end note
 ]
2
#
weekday is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.6.2 Member functions [time.cal.wd.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit weekday(unsigned wd) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes wd_­ with wd == 7 ? 0 : wd.
The value held is unspecified if wd is not in the range [0, 255].
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday(const sys_days& dp) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Computes what day of the week corresponds to the sys_­days dp, and initializes that day of the week in wd_­.
3
#
[ Example
:
If dp represents 1970-01-01, the constructed weekday represents Thursday by storing 4 in wd_­.
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit weekday(const local_days& dp) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: Computes what day of the week corresponds to the local_­days dp, and initializes that day of the week in wd_­.
5
#
Postconditions: The value is identical to that constructed from sys_­days{dp.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday& operator++() noexcept;
6
#
Effects: *this += days{1}.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday operator++(int) noexcept;
8
#
Effects: ++(*this).
9
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday& operator--() noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this -= days{1}.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday operator--(int) noexcept;
12
#
Effects: --(*this).
13
#
Returns: A copy of *this as it existed on entry to this member function.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday& operator+=(const days& d) noexcept;
14
#
Effects: *this = *this + d.
15
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday& operator-=(const days& d) noexcept;
16
#
Effects: *this = *this - d.
17
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr unsigned c_encoding() const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: wd_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr unsigned iso_encoding() const noexcept;
19
#
Returns: wd_­ == 0u ? 7u : wd_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
20
#
Returns: wd_­ <= 6.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday_indexed operator[](unsigned index) const noexcept;
21
#
Returns: {*this, index}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday_last operator[](last_spec) const noexcept;
22
#
Returns: weekday_­last{*this}.

27.8.6.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.wd.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const weekday& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.wd_­ == y.wd_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday operator+(const weekday& x, const days& y) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: 
weekday{modulo(static_cast<long long>(x.wd_) + y.count(), 7)}
where modulo(n, 7) computes the remainder of n divided by 7 using Euclidean division.
[ Note
:
Given a divisor of 7, Euclidean division truncates towards negative infinity and always produces a remainder in the range of [0, 6].
Assuming no overflow in the signed summation, this operation results in a weekday holding a value in the range [0, 6] even if !x.ok().
โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
:
Monday + days{6} == Sunday.
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday operator+(const days& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: y + x.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday operator-(const weekday& x, const days& y) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: x + -y.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr days operator-(const weekday& x, const weekday& y) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: If x.ok() == true and y.ok() == true, returns a value d in the range [days{0}, days{6}] satisfying y + d == x.
Otherwise the value returned is unspecified.
[ Example
:
Sunday - Monday == days{6}.
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday& wd);
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << (wd.ok() ?
  format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%a}"), wd) :
  format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{} is not a valid weekday"),
         static_cast<unsigned>(wd.wd_)));
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, weekday& wd, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
7
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the weekday wd using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid weekday, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and wd is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
8
#
Returns: is.

27.8.7 Class weekday_­indexed [time.cal.wdidx]

27.8.7.1 Overview [time.cal.wdidx.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class weekday_indexed {
    chrono::weekday  wd_;       // exposition only
    unsigned char    index_;    // exposition only

  public:
    weekday_indexed() = default;
    constexpr weekday_indexed(const chrono::weekday& wd, unsigned index) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept;
    constexpr unsigned        index()   const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
weekday_­indexed represents a weekday and a small index in the range 1 to 5.
This class is used to represent the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth weekday of a month.
2
#
[ Note
:
A weekday_­indexed object can be constructed by indexing a weekday with an unsigned.
โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
: 
constexpr auto wdi = Sunday[2]; // wdi is the second Sunday of an as yet unspecified month
static_assert(wdi.weekday() == Sunday);
static_assert(wdi.index() == 2);
โ€” end example
 ]
3
#
weekday_­indexed is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.7.2 Member functions [time.cal.wdidx.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr weekday_indexed(const chrono::weekday& wd, unsigned index) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes wd_­ with wd and index_­ with index.
The values held are unspecified if !wd.ok() or index is not in the range [0, 7].
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: wd_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr unsigned index() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: index_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: wd_­.ok() && 1 <= index_­ && index_­ <= 5.

27.8.7.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.wdidx.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_indexed& x, const weekday_indexed& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.weekday() == y.weekday() && x.index() == y.index().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday_indexed& wdi);
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
auto i = wdi.index();
return os << (i >= 1 && i <= 5 ?
  format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}[{}]"), wdi.weekday(), i) :
  format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}[{} is not a valid index]"),
         wdi.weekday(), i));

27.8.8 Class weekday_­last [time.cal.wdlast]

27.8.8.1 Overview [time.cal.wdlast.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class weekday_last {
    chrono::weekday wd_;                // exposition only

    public:
    constexpr explicit weekday_last(const chrono::weekday& wd) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
weekday_­last represents the last weekday of a month.
2
#
[ Note
:
A weekday_­last object can be constructed by indexing a weekday with last.
โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
: 
constexpr auto wdl = Sunday[last];      // wdl is the last Sunday of an as yet unspecified month
static_assert(wdl.weekday() == Sunday);
โ€” end example
 ]
3
#
weekday_­last is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.8.2 Member functions [time.cal.wdlast.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit weekday_last(const chrono::weekday& wd) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes wd_­ with wd.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: wd_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: wd_­.ok().

27.8.8.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.wdlast.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const weekday_last& x, const weekday_last& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.weekday() == y.weekday().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const weekday_last& wdl);
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}[last]"), wdl.weekday());

27.8.9 Class month_­day [time.cal.md]

27.8.9.1 Overview [time.cal.md.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class month_day {
    chrono::month m_;           // exposition only
    chrono::day   d_;           // exposition only

  public:
    month_day() = default;
    constexpr month_day(const chrono::month& m, const chrono::day& d) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::day   day()   const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
month_­day represents a specific day of a specific month, but with an unspecified year.
month_­day meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements.
2
#
month_­day is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.9.2 Member functions [time.cal.md.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day(const chrono::month& m, const chrono::day& d) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes m_­ with m, and d_­ with d.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::day day() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: d_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: true if m_­.ok() is true, 1d <= d_­, and d_­ is less than or equal to the number of days in month m_­; otherwise returns false.
When m_­ == February, the number of days is considered to be 29.

27.8.9.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.md.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const month_day& x, const month_day& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.month() == y.month() && x.day() == y.day().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month_day& x, const month_day& y) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
if (auto c = x.month() <=> y.month(); c != 0) return c;
return x.day() <=> y.day();
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_day& md);
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}"),
                    md.month(), md.day());
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, month_day& md, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
4
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the month_­day md using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid month_­day, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and md is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
5
#
Returns: is.

27.8.10 Class month_­day_­last [time.cal.mdlast]

namespace std::chrono {
  class month_day_last {
    chrono::month m_;                   // exposition only

  public:
    constexpr explicit month_day_last(const chrono::month& m) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
month_­day_­last represents the last day of a month.
2
#
[ Note
:
A month_­day_­last object can be constructed using the expression m/last or last/m, where m is an expression of type month.
โ€” end note
 ]
[ Example
: 
constexpr auto mdl = February/last;     // mdl is the last day of February of an as yet unspecified year
static_assert(mdl.month() == February);
โ€” end example
 ]
3
#
month_­day_­last is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit month_day_last(const chrono::month& m) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: Initializes m_­ with m.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month month() const noexcept;
5
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
6
#
Returns: m_­.ok().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const month_day_last& x, const month_day_last& y) noexcept;
7
#
Returns: x.month() == y.month().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const month_day_last& x, const month_day_last& y) noexcept;
8
#
Returns: x.month() <=> y.month().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_day_last& mdl);
9
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/last"), mdl.month());

27.8.11 Class month_­weekday [time.cal.mwd]

27.8.11.1 Overview [time.cal.mwd.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class month_weekday {
    chrono::month           m_;         // exposition only
    chrono::weekday_indexed wdi_;       // exposition only
  public:
    constexpr month_weekday(const chrono::month& m, const chrono::weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::month           month()           const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::weekday_indexed weekday_indexed() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
month_­weekday represents the weekday of a month, of an as yet unspecified year.
To do this the month_­weekday stores a month and a weekday_­indexed.
2
#
[ Example
: 
constexpr auto mwd
    = February/Tuesday[3];              // mwd is the third Tuesday of February of an as yet unspecified year
static_assert(mwd.month() == February);
static_assert(mwd.weekday_indexed() == Tuesday[3]);
โ€” end example
 ]
3
#
month_­weekday is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.11.2 Member functions [time.cal.mwd.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday(const chrono::month& m, const chrono::weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes m_­ with m, and wdi_­ with wdi.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday_indexed weekday_indexed() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: wdi_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: m_­.ok() && wdi_­.ok().

27.8.11.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.mwd.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const month_weekday& x, const month_weekday& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.month() == y.month() && x.weekday_­indexed() == y.weekday_­indexed().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_weekday& mwd);
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}"),
                    mwd.month(), mwd.weekday_indexed());

27.8.12 Class month_­weekday_­last [time.cal.mwdlast]

27.8.12.1 Overview [time.cal.mwdlast.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class month_weekday_last {
    chrono::month        m_;    // exposition only
    chrono::weekday_last wdl_;  // exposition only
  public:
    constexpr month_weekday_last(const chrono::month& m,
                                 const chrono::weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::month        month()        const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::weekday_last weekday_last() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
month_­weekday_­last represents the last weekday of a month, of an as yet unspecified year.
To do this the month_­weekday_­last stores a month and a weekday_­last.
2
#
[ Example
: 
constexpr auto mwd
    = February/Tuesday[last];   // mwd is the last Tuesday of February of an as yet unspecified year
static_assert(mwd.month() == February);
static_assert(mwd.weekday_last() == Tuesday[last]);
โ€” end example
 ]
3
#
month_­weekday_­last is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.12.2 Member functions [time.cal.mwdlast.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday_last(const chrono::month& m, const chrono::weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes m_­ with m, and wdl_­ with wdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday_last weekday_last() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: wdl_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: m_­.ok() && wdl_­.ok().

27.8.12.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.mwdlast.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const month_weekday_last& x, const month_weekday_last& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.month() == y.month() && x.weekday_­last() == y.weekday_­last().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const month_weekday_last& mwdl);
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}"),
                    mwdl.month(), mwdl.weekday_last());

27.8.13 Class year_­month [time.cal.ym]

27.8.13.1 Overview [time.cal.ym.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class year_month {
    chrono::year  y_;           // exposition only
    chrono::month m_;           // exposition only

  public:
    year_month() = default;
    constexpr year_month(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m) noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::year  year()  const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;

    constexpr year_month& operator+=(const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month& operator-=(const months& dm) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month& operator+=(const years& dy)  noexcept;
    constexpr year_month& operator-=(const years& dy)  noexcept;

    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
year_­month represents a specific month of a specific year, but with an unspecified day.
year_­month is a field-based time point with a resolution of months.
year_­month meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements.
2
#
year_­month is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.13.2 Member functions [time.cal.ym.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with y, and m_­ with m.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month& operator+=(const months& dm) noexcept;
4
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
5
#
Effects: *this = *this + dm.
6
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month& operator-=(const months& dm) noexcept;
7
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
8
#
Effects: *this = *this - dm.
9
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month& operator+=(const years& dy) noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this = *this + dy.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month& operator-=(const years& dy) noexcept;
12
#
Effects: *this = *this - dy.
13
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
14
#
Returns: y_­.ok() && m_­.ok().

27.8.13.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.ym.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.year() == y.year() && x.month() == y.month().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
if (auto c = x.year() <=> y.year(); c != 0) return c;
return x.month() <=> y.month();
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& ym, const months& dm) noexcept;
3
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
4
#
Returns: A year_­month value z such that z.ok() && z - ym == dm is true.
5
#
Complexity: with respect to the value of dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator+(const months& dm, const year_month& ym) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
7
#
Returns: ym + dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& ym, const months& dm) noexcept;
8
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
9
#
Returns: ym + -dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr months operator-(const year_month& x, const year_month& y) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: 
x.year() - y.year() + months{static_cast<int>(unsigned{x.month()}) -
                             static_cast<int>(unsigned{y.month()})}
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator+(const year_month& ym, const years& dy) noexcept;
11
#
Returns: (ym.year() + dy) / ym.month().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator+(const years& dy, const year_month& ym) noexcept;
12
#
Returns: ym + dy.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator-(const year_month& ym, const years& dy) noexcept;
13
#
Returns: ym + -dy.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month& ym);
14
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}"),
                    ym.year(), ym.month());
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, year_month& ym, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
15
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the year_­month ym using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid year_­month, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and ym is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
16
#
Returns: is.

27.8.14 Class year_­month_­day [time.cal.ymd]

27.8.14.1 Overview [time.cal.ymd.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class year_month_day {
    chrono::year  y_;           // exposition only
    chrono::month m_;           // exposition only
    chrono::day   d_;           // exposition only

  public:
    year_month_day() = default;
    constexpr year_month_day(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m,
                             const chrono::day& d) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day(const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day(const sys_days& dp) noexcept;
    constexpr explicit year_month_day(const local_days& dp) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_day& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day& operator+=(const years& y)  noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day& operator-=(const years& y)  noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::year  year()  const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::day   day()   const noexcept;

    constexpr          operator sys_days()   const noexcept;
    constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
year_­month_­day represents a specific year, month, and day.
year_­month_­day is a field-based time point with a resolution of days.
[ Note
:
year_­month_­day supports years- and months-oriented arithmetic, but not days-oriented arithmetic.
For the latter, there is a conversion to sys_­days, which efficiently supports days-oriented arithmetic.
โ€” end note
 ]
year_­month_­day meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements.
2
#
year_­month_­day is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.14.2 Member functions [time.cal.ymd.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m, const chrono::day& d) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with y, m_­ with m, and d_­ with d.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day(const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with ymdl.year(), m_­ with ymdl.month(), and d_­ with ymdl.day().
[ Note
:
This conversion from year_­month_­day_­last to year_­month_­day may be more efficient than converting a year_­month_­day_­last to a sys_­days, and then converting that sys_­days to a year_­month_­day.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day(const sys_days& dp) noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Constructs an object of type year_­month_­day that corresponds to the date represented by dp.
4
#
Remarks: For any value ymd of type year_­month_­day for which ymd.ok() is true, ymd == year_­month_­day{sys_­days{ymd}} is true.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit year_month_day(const local_days& dp) noexcept;
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to constructing with sys_­days{dp.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
7
#
Effects: *this = *this + m.
8
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
9
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
10
#
Effects: *this = *this - m.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day& year_month_day::operator+=(const years& y) noexcept;
12
#
Effects: *this = *this + y.
13
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day& year_month_day::operator-=(const years& y) noexcept;
14
#
Effects: *this = *this - y.
15
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept;
16
#
Returns: y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::day day() const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: d_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept;
19
#
Returns: If ok(), returns a sys_­days holding a count of days from the sys_­days epoch to *this (a negative value if *this represents a date prior to the sys_­days epoch).
Otherwise, if y_­.ok() && m_­.ok() is true, returns sys_­days{y_­/m_­/1d} + (d_­ - 1d).
Otherwise the value returned is unspecified.
20
#
Remarks: A sys_­days in the range [days{-12687428}, days{11248737}] which is converted to a year_­month_­day has the same value when converted back to a sys_­days.
21
#
[ Example
: 
static_assert(year_month_day{sys_days{2017y/January/0}}  == 2016y/December/31);
static_assert(year_month_day{sys_days{2017y/January/31}} == 2017y/January/31);
static_assert(year_month_day{sys_days{2017y/January/32}} == 2017y/February/1);
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
22
#
Returns: local_­days{sys_­days{*this}.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
23
#
Returns: If y_­.ok() is true, and m_­.ok() is true, and d_­ is in the range [1d, (y_­/m_­/last).day()], then returns true; otherwise returns false.

27.8.14.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.ymd.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_day& x, const year_month_day& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.year() == y.year() && x.month() == y.month() && x.day() == y.day().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month_day& x, const year_month_day& y) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
if (auto c = x.year() <=> y.year(); c != 0) return c;
if (auto c = x.month() <=> y.month(); c != 0) return c;
return x.day() <=> y.day();
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator+(const year_month_day& ymd, const months& dm) noexcept;
3
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
4
#
Returns: (ymd.year() / ymd.month() + dm) / ymd.day().
5
#
[ Note
:
If ymd.day() is in the range [1d, 28d], ok() will return true for the resultant year_­month_­day.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_day& ymd) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
7
#
Returns: ymd + dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator-(const year_month_day& ymd, const months& dm) noexcept;
8
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
9
#
Returns: ymd + (-dm).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator+(const year_month_day& ymd, const years& dy) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: (ymd.year() + dy) / ymd.month() / ymd.day().
11
#
[ Note
:
If ymd.month() is February and ymd.day() is not in the range [1d, 28d], ok() may return false for the resultant year_­month_­day.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_day& ymd) noexcept;
12
#
Returns: ymd + dy.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator-(const year_month_day& ymd, const years& dy) noexcept;
13
#
Returns: ymd + (-dy).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_day& ymd);
14
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << (ymd.ok() ?
  format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%F}"), ymd) :
  format(STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%F} is not a valid date"), ymd));
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc = allocator<charT>> basic_istream<charT, traits>& from_stream(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, const charT* fmt, year_month_day& ymd, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>* abbrev = nullptr, minutes* offset = nullptr);
15
#
Effects: Attempts to parse the input stream is into the year_­month_­day ymd using the format flags given in the NTCTS fmt as specified in [time.parse].
If the parse fails to decode a valid year_­month_­day, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called and ymd is not modified.
If %Z is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *abbrev if abbrev is non-null.
If %z (or a modified variant) is used and successfully parsed, that value will be assigned to *offset if offset is non-null.
16
#
Returns: is.

27.8.15 Class year_­month_­day_­last [time.cal.ymdlast]

27.8.15.1 Overview [time.cal.ymdlast.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class year_month_day_last {
    chrono::year           y_;          // exposition only
    chrono::month_day_last mdl_;        // exposition only

  public:
    constexpr year_month_day_last(const chrono::year& y,
                                  const chrono::month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_day_last& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last& operator+=(const years& y)  noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_day_last& operator-=(const years& y)  noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::year           year()           const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::month          month()          const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::month_day_last month_day_last() const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::day            day()            const noexcept;

    constexpr          operator sys_days()   const noexcept;
    constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
year_­month_­day_­last represents the last day of a specific year and month.
year_­month_­day_­last is a field-based time point with a resolution of days, except that it is restricted to pointing to the last day of a year and month.
[ Note
:
year_­month_­day_­last supports years- and months-oriented arithmetic, but not days-oriented arithmetic.
For the latter, there is a conversion to sys_­days, which efficiently supports days-oriented arithmetic.
โ€” end note
 ]
year_­month_­day_­last meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) and Cpp17LessThanComparable (Table 26) requirements.
2
#
year_­month_­day_­last is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.15.2 Member functions [time.cal.ymdlast.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with y and mdl_­ with mdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
2
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
3
#
Effects: *this = *this + m.
4
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
5
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
6
#
Effects: *this = *this - m.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last& operator+=(const years& y) noexcept;
8
#
Effects: *this = *this + y.
9
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last& operator-=(const years& y) noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this = *this - y.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept;
12
#
Returns: y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
13
#
Returns: mdl_­.month().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month_day_last month_day_last() const noexcept;
14
#
Returns: mdl_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::day day() const noexcept;
15
#
Returns: If ok() is true, returns a day representing the last day of the (year, month) pair represented by *this.
Otherwise, the returned value is unspecified.
16
#
[ Note
:
This value may be computed on demand.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: sys_­days{year()/month()/day()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: local_­days{sys_­days{*this}.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
19
#
Returns: y_­.ok() && mdl_­.ok().

27.8.15.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.ymdlast.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_day_last& x, const year_month_day_last& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.year() == y.year() && x.month_­day_­last() == y.month_­day_­last().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const year_month_day_last& x, const year_month_day_last& y) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
if (auto c = x.year() <=> y.year(); c != 0) return c;
return x.month_day_last() <=> y.month_day_last();
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator+(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
3
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
4
#
Returns: (ymdl.year() / ymdl.month() + dm) / last.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
5
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
6
#
Returns: ymdl + dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator-(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
7
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
8
#
Returns: ymdl + (-dm).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator+(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
9
#
Returns: {ymdl.year()+dy, ymdl.month_­day_­last()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_day_last& ymdl) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: ymdl + dy.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator-(const year_month_day_last& ymdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
11
#
Returns: ymdl + (-dy).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_day_last& ymdl);
12
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}"),
                    ymdl.year(), ymdl.month_day_last());

27.8.16 Class year_­month_­weekday [time.cal.ymwd]

27.8.16.1 Overview [time.cal.ymwd.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class year_month_weekday {
    chrono::year            y_;         // exposition only
    chrono::month           m_;         // exposition only
    chrono::weekday_indexed wdi_;       // exposition only

  public:
    year_month_weekday() = default;
    constexpr year_month_weekday(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m,
                                 const chrono::weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday(const sys_days& dp) noexcept;
    constexpr explicit year_month_weekday(const local_days& dp) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_weekday& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday& operator+=(const years& y)  noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday& operator-=(const years& y)  noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::year            year()            const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::month           month()           const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::weekday         weekday()         const noexcept;
    constexpr unsigned                index()           const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::weekday_indexed weekday_indexed() const noexcept;

    constexpr          operator sys_days()   const noexcept;
    constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
year_­month_­weekday represents a specific year, month, and weekday of the month.
year_­month_­weekday is a field-based time point with a resolution of days.
[ Note
:
year_­month_­weekday supports years- and months-oriented arithmetic, but not days-oriented arithmetic.
For the latter, there is a conversion to sys_­days, which efficiently supports days-oriented arithmetic.
โ€” end note
 ]
year_­month_­weekday meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) requirements.
2
#
year_­month_­weekday is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.16.2 Member functions [time.cal.ymwd.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m, const chrono::weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with y, m_­ with m, and wdi_­ with wdi.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday(const sys_days& dp) noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Constructs an object of type year_­month_­weekday which corresponds to the date represented by dp.
3
#
Remarks: For any value ymdl of type year_­month_­weekday for which ymdl.ok() is true, ymdl == year_­month_­weekday{sys_­days{ymdl}} is true.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit year_month_weekday(const local_days& dp) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to constructing with sys_­days{dp.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
5
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
6
#
Effects: *this = *this + m.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
8
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
9
#
Effects: *this = *this - m.
10
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday& operator+=(const years& y) noexcept;
11
#
Effects: *this = *this + y.
12
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday& operator-=(const years& y) noexcept;
13
#
Effects: *this = *this - y.
14
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept;
15
#
Returns: y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
16
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: wdi_­.weekday().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr unsigned index() const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: wdi_­.index().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday_indexed weekday_indexed() const noexcept;
19
#
Returns: wdi_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept;
20
#
Returns: If y_­.ok() && m_­.ok() && wdi_­.weekday().ok(), returns a sys_­days that represents the date (index() - 1) * 7 days after the first weekday() of year()/month().
If index() is 0 the returned sys_­days represents the date 7 days prior to the first weekday() of year()/month().
Otherwise the returned value is unspecified.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
21
#
Returns: local_­days{sys_­days{*this}.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
22
#
Returns: If any of y_­.ok(), m_­.ok(), or wdi_­.ok() is false, returns false.
Otherwise, if *this represents a valid date, returns true.
Otherwise, returns false.

27.8.16.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.ymwd.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_weekday& x, const year_month_weekday& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: 
x.year() == y.year() && x.month() == y.month() && x.weekday_indexed() == y.weekday_indexed()
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator+(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const months& dm) noexcept;
2
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
3
#
Returns: (ymwd.year() / ymwd.month() + dm) / ymwd.weekday_­indexed().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_weekday& ymwd) noexcept;
4
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
5
#
Returns: ymwd + dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator-(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const months& dm) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
7
#
Returns: ymwd + (-dm).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator+(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const years& dy) noexcept;
8
#
Returns: {ymwd.year()+dy, ymwd.month(), ymwd.weekday_­indexed()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_weekday& ymwd) noexcept;
9
#
Returns: ymwd + dy.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator-(const year_month_weekday& ymwd, const years& dy) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: ymwd + (-dy).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_weekday& ymwd);
11
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}/{}"),
                    ymwd.year(), ymwd.month(), ymwd.weekday_indexed());

27.8.17 Class year_­month_­weekday_­last [time.cal.ymwdlast]

27.8.17.1 Overview [time.cal.ymwdlast.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class year_month_weekday_last {
    chrono::year         y_;    // exposition only
    chrono::month        m_;    // exposition only
    chrono::weekday_last wdl_;  // exposition only

  public:
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m,
                                      const chrono::weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;

    constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator+=(const years& y)  noexcept;
    constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator-=(const years& y)  noexcept;

    constexpr chrono::year         year()         const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::month        month()        const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::weekday      weekday()      const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::weekday_last weekday_last() const noexcept;

    constexpr          operator sys_days()   const noexcept;
    constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
year_­month_­weekday_­last represents a specific year, month, and last weekday of the month.
year_­month_­weekday_­last is a field-based time point with a resolution of days, except that it is restricted to pointing to the last weekday of a year and month.
[ Note
:
year_­month_­weekday_­last supports years- and months-oriented arithmetic, but not days-oriented arithmetic.
For the latter, there is a conversion to sys_­days, which efficiently supports days-oriented arithmetic.
โ€” end note
 ]
year_­month_­weekday_­last meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) requirements.
2
#
year_­month_­weekday_­last is a trivially copyable and standard-layout class type.

27.8.17.2 Member functions [time.cal.ymwdlast.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last(const chrono::year& y, const chrono::month& m, const chrono::weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Initializes y_­ with y, m_­ with m, and wdl_­ with wdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator+=(const months& m) noexcept;
2
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
3
#
Effects: *this = *this + m.
4
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator-=(const months& m) noexcept;
5
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
6
#
Effects: *this = *this - m.
7
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator+=(const years& y) noexcept;
8
#
Effects: *this = *this + y.
9
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last& operator-=(const years& y) noexcept;
10
#
Effects: *this = *this - y.
11
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::year year() const noexcept;
12
#
Returns: y_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::month month() const noexcept;
13
#
Returns: m_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday weekday() const noexcept;
14
#
Returns: wdl_­.weekday().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::weekday_last weekday_last() const noexcept;
15
#
Returns: wdl_­.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr operator sys_days() const noexcept;
16
#
Returns: If ok() == true, returns a sys_­days that represents the last weekday() of year()/month().
Otherwise the returned value is unspecified.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator local_days() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: local_­days{sys_­days{*this}.time_­since_­epoch()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool ok() const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: y_­.ok() && m_­.ok() && wdl_­.ok().

27.8.17.3 Non-member functions [time.cal.ymwdlast.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const year_month_weekday_last& x, const year_month_weekday_last& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: 
x.year() == y.year() && x.month() == y.month() && x.weekday_last() == y.weekday_last()
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
2
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
3
#
Returns: (ymwdl.year() / ymwdl.month() + dm) / ymwdl.weekday_­last().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator+(const months& dm, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl) noexcept;
4
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
5
#
Returns: ymwdl + dm.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const months& dm) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints: If the argument supplied by the caller for the months parameter is convertible to years, its implicit conversion sequence to years is worse than its implicit conversion sequence to months ([over.ics.rank]).
7
#
Returns: ymwdl + (-dm).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator+(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
8
#
Returns: {ymwdl.year()+dy, ymwdl.month(), ymwdl.weekday_­last()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator+(const years& dy, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl) noexcept;
9
#
Returns: ymwdl + dy.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator-(const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl, const years& dy) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: ymwdl + (-dy).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const year_month_weekday_last& ymwdl);
11
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{}/{}/{}"),
                    ymwdl.year(), ymwdl.month(), ymwdl.weekday_last());

27.8.18 Conventional syntax operators [time.cal.operators]

1
#
A set of overloaded operator/ functions provides a conventional syntax for the creation of civil calendar dates.
2
#
[ Note
:
The year, month, and day are accepted in any of the following 3 orders:
year/month/day
month/day/year
day/month/year
Anywhere a day is required, any of the following can also be specified:
last
weekday[i]
weekday[last]
โ€” end note
 ]
3
#
[ Note
:
Partial-date types such as year_­month and month_­day can be created by not applying the second division operator for any of the three orders.
For example:
year_month ym = 2015y/April;
month_day md1 = April/4;
month_day md2 = 4d/April;
โ€” end note
 ]
4
#
[ Example
: 
auto a = 2015/4/4;          // a == int(125)
auto b = 2015y/4/4;         // b == year_­month_­day{year(2015), month(4), day(4)}
auto c = 2015y/4d/April;    // error: no viable operator/ for first /
auto d = 2015/April/4;      // error: no viable operator/ for first /
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator/(const year& y, const month& m) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: {y, m}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month operator/(const year& y, int m) noexcept;
6
#
Returns: y / month(m).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day operator/(const month& m, const day& d) noexcept;
7
#
Returns: {m, d}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day operator/(const month& m, int d) noexcept;
8
#
Returns: m / day(d).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day operator/(int m, const day& d) noexcept;
9
#
Returns: month(m) / d.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day operator/(const day& d, const month& m) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: m / d.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day operator/(const day& d, int m) noexcept;
11
#
Returns: month(m) / d.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day_last operator/(const month& m, last_spec) noexcept;
12
#
Returns: month_­day_­last{m}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day_last operator/(int m, last_spec) noexcept;
13
#
Returns: month(m) / last.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day_last operator/(last_spec, const month& m) noexcept;
14
#
Returns: m / last.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_day_last operator/(last_spec, int m) noexcept;
15
#
Returns: month(m) / last.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday operator/(const month& m, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
16
#
Returns: {m, wdi}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday operator/(int m, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
17
#
Returns: month(m) / wdi.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday operator/(const weekday_indexed& wdi, const month& m) noexcept;
18
#
Returns: m / wdi.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday operator/(const weekday_indexed& wdi, int m) noexcept;
19
#
Returns: month(m) / wdi.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday_last operator/(const month& m, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
20
#
Returns: {m, wdl}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday_last operator/(int m, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
21
#
Returns: month(m) / wdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday_last operator/(const weekday_last& wdl, const month& m) noexcept;
22
#
Returns: m / wdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr month_weekday_last operator/(const weekday_last& wdl, int m) noexcept;
23
#
Returns: month(m) / wdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator/(const year_month& ym, const day& d) noexcept;
24
#
Returns: {ym.year(), ym.month(), d}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator/(const year_month& ym, int d) noexcept;
25
#
Returns: ym / day(d).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator/(const year& y, const month_day& md) noexcept;
26
#
Returns: y / md.month() / md.day().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator/(int y, const month_day& md) noexcept;
27
#
Returns: year(y) / md.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator/(const month_day& md, const year& y) noexcept;
28
#
Returns: y / md.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day operator/(const month_day& md, int y) noexcept;
29
#
Returns: year(y) / md.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(const year_month& ym, last_spec) noexcept;
30
#
Returns: {ym.year(), month_­day_­last{ym.month()}}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(const year& y, const month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
31
#
Returns: {y, mdl}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(int y, const month_day_last& mdl) noexcept;
32
#
Returns: year(y) / mdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(const month_day_last& mdl, const year& y) noexcept;
33
#
Returns: y / mdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_day_last operator/(const month_day_last& mdl, int y) noexcept;
34
#
Returns: year(y) / mdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(const year_month& ym, const weekday_indexed& wdi) noexcept;
35
#
Returns: {ym.year(), ym.month(), wdi}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(const year& y, const month_weekday& mwd) noexcept;
36
#
Returns: {y, mwd.month(), mwd.weekday_­indexed()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(int y, const month_weekday& mwd) noexcept;
37
#
Returns: year(y) / mwd.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(const month_weekday& mwd, const year& y) noexcept;
38
#
Returns: y / mwd.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday operator/(const month_weekday& mwd, int y) noexcept;
39
#
Returns: year(y) / mwd.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator/(const year_month& ym, const weekday_last& wdl) noexcept;
40
#
Returns: {ym.year(), ym.month(), wdl}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator/(const year& y, const month_weekday_last& mwdl) noexcept;
41
#
Returns: {y, mwdl.month(), mwdl.weekday_­last()}.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator/(int y, const month_weekday_last& mwdl) noexcept;
42
#
Returns: year(y) / mwdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator/(const month_weekday_last& mwdl, const year& y) noexcept;
43
#
Returns: y / mwdl.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr year_month_weekday_last operator/(const month_weekday_last& mwdl, int y) noexcept;
44
#
Returns: year(y) / mwdl.

27.9 Class template hh_­mm_­ss [time.hms]

27.9.1 Overview [time.hms.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  template<class Duration> class hh_mm_ss {
  public:
    static constexpr unsigned fractional_width = see below;
    using precision                            = see below;

    constexpr hh_mm_ss() noexcept : hh_mm_ss{Duration::zero()} {}
    constexpr explicit hh_mm_ss(Duration d);

    constexpr bool is_negative() const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::hours hours() const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::minutes minutes() const noexcept;
    constexpr chrono::seconds seconds() const noexcept;
    constexpr precision subseconds() const noexcept;

    constexpr explicit operator precision() const noexcept;
    constexpr precision to_duration() const noexcept;

  private:
    bool            is_neg;     // exposition only
    chrono::hours   h;          // exposition only
    chrono::minutes m;          // exposition only
    chrono::seconds s;          // exposition only
    precision       ss;         // exposition only
  };
}
1
#
The hh_­mm_­ss class template splits a duration into a multi-field time structure hours:minutes:seconds and possibly subseconds, where subseconds will be a duration unit based on a non-positive power of 10.
The Duration template parameter dictates the precision to which the time is split.
A hh_­mm_­ss models negative durations with a distinct is_­negative getter that returns true when the input duration is negative.
The individual duration fields always return non-negative durations even when is_­negative() indicates the structure is representing a negative duration.
2
#
If Duration is not an instance of duration, the program is ill-formed.

27.9.2 Members [time.hms.members]

๐Ÿ”—
static constexpr unsigned fractional_width = see below;
1
#
fractional_­width is the number of fractional decimal digits represented by precision.
fractional_­width has the value of the smallest possible integer in the range [0, 18] such that precision will exactly represent all values of Duration.
If no such value of fractional_­width exists, then fractional_­width is 6.
[ Example
:
See Table 98 for some durations, the resulting fractional_­width, and the formatted fractional second output of Duration{1}.
Table 98: Examples for fractional_­width   [tab:time.hms.width]
Duration
fractional_­width
Formatted fractional second output
hours, minutes, and seconds
0
milliseconds
3
0.001
microseconds
6
0.000001
nanoseconds
9
0.000000001
duration<int, ratio<1, 2>>
1
0.5
duration<int, ratio<1, 3>>
6
0.333333
duration<int, ratio<1, 4>>
2
0.25
duration<int, ratio<1, 5>>
1
0.2
duration<int, ratio<1, 6>>
6
0.166666
duration<int, ratio<1, 7>>
6
0.142857
duration<int, ratio<1, 8>>
3
0.125
duration<int, ratio<1, 9>>
6
0.111111
duration<int, ratio<1, 10>>
1
0.1
duration<int, ratio<756, 625>>
4
0.2096
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
using precision = see below;
2
#
precision is 
duration<common_type_t<Duration::rep, seconds::rep>, ratio<1, >>
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit hh_mm_ss(Duration d);
3
#
Effects: Constructs an object of type hh_­mm_­ss which represents the Duration d with precision precision.
  • (3.1)
    Initializes is_­neg with d < Duration​::​zero().
  • (3.2)
    Initializes h with duration_­cast<chrono​::​hours>(abs(d)).
  • (3.3)
    Initializes m with duration_­cast<chrono​::​minutes>(abs(d) - hours()).
  • (3.4)
    Initializes s with duration_­cast<chrono​::​seconds>(abs(d) - hours() - minutes()).
  • (3.5)
    If treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<precision​::​rep> is true, initializes ss with abs(d) - hours() - minutes() - seconds().
    Otherwise, initializes ss with duration_­cast<precision>(abs(d) - hours() - minutes() - seconds()).
[ Note
:
When precision​::​rep is integral and precision​::​period is ratio<1>, subseconds() always returns a value equal to 0s.
โ€” end note
 ]
4
#
Postconditions: If treat_­as_­floating_­point_­v<precision​::​rep> is true, to_­duration() returns d, otherwise to_­duration() returns duration_­cast<precision>(d).
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool is_negative() const noexcept;
5
#
Returns: is_­neg.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::hours hours() const noexcept;
6
#
Returns: h.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::minutes minutes() const noexcept;
7
#
Returns: m.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr chrono::seconds seconds() const noexcept;
8
#
Returns: s.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr precision subseconds() const noexcept;
9
#
Returns: ss.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr precision to_duration() const noexcept;
10
#
Returns: If is_­neg, returns -(h + m + s + ss), otherwise returns h + m + s + ss.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr explicit operator precision() const noexcept;
11
#
Returns: to_­duration().

27.9.3 Non-members [time.hms.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const hh_mm_ss<Duration>& hms);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return os << format(os.getloc(), STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("{:%T}"), hms);
2
#
[ Example
: 
for (auto ms : {-4083007ms, 4083007ms, 65745123ms}) {
  hh_mm_ss hms{ms};
  cout << hms << '\n';
}
cout << hh_mm_ss{65745s} << '\n';
Produces the output (assuming the "C" locale): 
-01:08:03.007
01:08:03.007
18:15:45.123
18:15:45
โ€” end example
 ]

27.10 12/24 hours functions [time.12]

1
#
These functions aid in translating between a 12h format time of day and a 24h format time of day.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool is_am(const hours& h) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: 0h <= h && h <= 11h.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool is_pm(const hours& h) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: 12h <= h && h <= 23h.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr hours make12(const hours& h) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: The 12-hour equivalent of h in the range [1h, 12h].
If h is not in the range [0h, 23h], the value returned is unspecified.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr hours make24(const hours& h, bool is_pm) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: If is_­pm is false, returns the 24-hour equivalent of h in the range [0h, 11h], assuming h represents an ante meridiem hour.
Otherwise, returns the 24-hour equivalent of h in the range [12h, 23h], assuming h represents a post meridiem hour.
If h is not in the range [1h, 12h], the value returned is unspecified.

27.11 Time zones [time.zone]

27.11.1 In general [time.zone.general]

1
#
[time.zone] describes an interface for accessing the IANA Time Zone Database that interoperates with sys_­time and local_­time.
This interface provides time zone support to both the civil calendar types ([time.cal]) and to user-defined calendars.

27.11.2 Time zone database [time.zone.db]

27.11.2.1 Class tzdb [time.zone.db.tzdb]

namespace std::chrono {
  struct tzdb {
    string                 version;
    vector<time_zone>      zones;
    vector<time_zone_link> links;
    vector<leap_second>    leap_seconds;

    const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view tz_name) const;
    const time_zone* current_zone() const;
  };
}
1
#
Each vector in a tzdb object is sorted to enable fast lookup.
๐Ÿ”—
const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view tz_name) const;
2
#
Returns:
  • (2.1)
    If zones contains an element tz for which tz.name() == tz_­name, a pointer to tz;
  • (2.2)
    otherwise, if links contains an element tz_­l for which tz_­l.name() == tz_­name, then a pointer to the element tz of zones for which tz.name() == tz_­l.target().
[ Note
:
A time_­zone_­link specifies an alternative name for a time_­zone.
โ€” end note
 ]
3
#
Throws: If a const time_­zone* cannot be found as described in the Returns: clause, throws a runtime_­error.
[ Note
:
On non-exceptional return, the return value is always a pointer to a valid time_­zone.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
const time_zone* current_zone() const;
4
#
Returns: A pointer to the time zone which the computer has set as its local time zone.

27.11.2.2 Class tzdb_­list [time.zone.db.list]

namespace std::chrono {
  class tzdb_list {
  public:
    tzdb_list(const tzdb_list&) = delete;
    tzdb_list& operator=(const tzdb_list&) = delete;

    // unspecified additional constructors

    class const_iterator;

    const tzdb& front() const noexcept;

    const_iterator erase_after(const_iterator p);

    const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
    const_iterator end()   const noexcept;

    const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
    const_iterator cend()   const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
The tzdb_­list database is a singleton; the unique object of type tzdb_­list can be accessed via the get_­tzdb_­list() function.
[ Note
:
This access is only needed for those applications that need to have long uptimes and have a need to update the time zone database while running.
Other applications can implicitly access the front() of this list via the read-only namespace scope functions get_­tzdb(), locate_­zone(), and current_­zone().
โ€” end note
 ]
The tzdb_­list object contains a list of tzdb objects.
2
#
tzdb_­list​::​const_­iterator is a constant iterator which meets the Cpp17ForwardIterator requirements and has a value type of tzdb.
๐Ÿ”—
const tzdb& front() const noexcept;
3
#
Synchronization: This operation is thread-safe with respect to reload_­tzdb().
[ Note
:
reload_­tzdb() pushes a new tzdb onto the front of this container.
โ€” end note
 ]
4
#
Returns: A reference to the first tzdb in the container.
๐Ÿ”—
const_iterator erase_after(const_iterator p);
5
#
Preconditions: The iterator following p is dereferenceable.
6
#
Effects: Erases the tzdb referred to by the iterator following p.
7
#
Returns: An iterator pointing to the element following the one that was erased, or end() if no such element exists.
8
#
Postconditions: No pointers, references, or iterators are invalidated except those referring to the erased tzdb.
[ Note
:
It is not possible to erase the tzdb referred to by begin().
โ€” end note
 ]
9
#
Throws: Nothing.
๐Ÿ”—
const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
10
#
Returns: An iterator referring to the first tzdb in the container.
๐Ÿ”—
const_iterator end() const noexcept;
11
#
Returns: An iterator referring to the position one past the last tzdb in the container.
๐Ÿ”—
const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
12
#
Returns: begin().
๐Ÿ”—
const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
13
#
Returns: end().

27.11.2.3 Time zone database access [time.zone.db.access]

๐Ÿ”—
tzdb_list& get_tzdb_list();
1
#
Effects: If this is the first access to the time zone database, initializes the database.
If this call initializes the database, the resulting database will be a tzdb_­list holding a single initialized tzdb.
2
#
Synchronization: It is safe to call this function from multiple threads at one time.
3
#
Returns: A reference to the database.
4
#
Throws: runtime_­error if for any reason a reference cannot be returned to a valid tzdb_­list containing one or more valid tzdbs.
๐Ÿ”—
const tzdb& get_tzdb();
5
#
Returns: get_­tzdb_­list().front().
๐Ÿ”—
const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view tz_name);
6
#
Returns: get_­tzdb().locate_­zone(tz_­name).
7
#
[ Note
:
The time zone database will be initialized if this is the first reference to the database.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
const time_zone* current_zone();
8
#
Returns: get_­tzdb().current_­zone().

27.11.2.4 Remote time zone database support [time.zone.db.remote]

1
#
The local time zone database is that supplied by the implementation when the program first accesses the database, for example via current_­zone().
While the program is running, the implementation may choose to update the time zone database.
This update shall not impact the program in any way unless the program calls the functions in this subclause.
This potentially updated time zone database is referred to as the remote time zone database.
๐Ÿ”—
const tzdb& reload_tzdb();
2
#
Effects: This function first checks the version of the remote time zone database.
If the versions of the local and remote databases are the same, there are no effects.
Otherwise the remote database is pushed to the front of the tzdb_­list accessed by get_­tzdb_­list().
3
#
Synchronization: This function is thread-safe with respect to get_­tzdb_­list().front() and get_­tzdb_­list().erase_­after().
4
#
Postconditions: No pointers, references, or iterators are invalidated.
5
#
Returns: get_­tzdb_­list().front().
6
#
Throws: runtime_­error if for any reason a reference cannot be returned to a valid tzdb.
๐Ÿ”—
string remote_version();
7
#
Returns: The latest remote database version.
[ Note
:
This can be compared with get_­tzdb().version to discover if the local and remote databases are equivalent.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.11.3 Exception classes [time.zone.exception]

27.11.3.1 Class nonexistent_­local_­time [time.zone.exception.nonexist]

namespace std::chrono {
  class nonexistent_local_time : public runtime_error {
  public:
    template<class Duration>
      nonexistent_local_time(const local_time<Duration>& tp, const local_info& i);
  };
}
1
#
nonexistent_­local_­time is thrown when an attempt is made to convert a non-existent local_­time to a sys_­time without specifying choose​::​earliest or choose​::​latest.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> nonexistent_local_time(const local_time<Duration>& tp, const local_info& i);
2
#
Preconditions: i.result == local_­info​::​nonexistent is true.
3
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with a sequence of char equivalent to that produced by os.str() initialized as shown below:
ostringstream os;
os << tp << " is in a gap between\n"
   << local_seconds{i.first.end.time_since_epoch()} + i.first.offset << ' '
   << i.first.abbrev << " and\n"
   << local_seconds{i.second.begin.time_since_epoch()} + i.second.offset << ' '
   << i.second.abbrev
   << " which are both equivalent to\n"
   << i.first.end << " UTC";
4
#
[ Example
: 
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
  using namespace std::chrono;
  try {
    auto zt = zoned_time{"America/New_York",
                         local_days{Sunday[2]/March/2016} + 2h + 30min};
  } catch (const nonexistent_local_time& e) {
    std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
  }
}
Produces the output:
2016-03-13 02:30:00 is in a gap between
2016-03-13 02:00:00 EST and
2016-03-13 03:00:00 EDT which are both equivalent to
2016-03-13 07:00:00 UTC
โ€” end example
 ]

27.11.3.2 Class ambiguous_­local_­time [time.zone.exception.ambig]

namespace std::chrono {
  class ambiguous_local_time : public runtime_error {
  public:
    template<class Duration>
      ambiguous_local_time(const local_time<Duration>& tp, const local_info& i);
  };
}
1
#
ambiguous_­local_­time is thrown when an attempt is made to convert an ambiguous local_­time to a sys_­time without specifying choose​::​earliest or choose​::​latest.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> ambiguous_local_time(const local_time<Duration>& tp, const local_info& i);
2
#
Preconditions: i.result == local_­info​::​ambiguous is true.
3
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with a sequence of char equivalent to that produced by os.str() initialized as shown below:
ostringstream os;
os << tp << " is ambiguous.  It could be\n"
   << tp << ' ' << i.first.abbrev << " == "
   << tp - i.first.offset << " UTC or\n"
   << tp << ' ' << i.second.abbrev  << " == "
   << tp - i.second.offset  << " UTC";
4
#
[ Example
: 
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
  using namespace std::chrono;
  try {
    auto zt = zoned_time{"America/New_York",
                         local_days{Sunday[1]/November/2016} + 1h + 30min};
  } catch (const ambiguous_local_time& e) {
    std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
  }
}
Produces the output:
2016-11-06 01:30:00 is ambiguous.  It could be
2016-11-06 01:30:00 EDT == 2016-11-06 05:30:00 UTC or
2016-11-06 01:30:00 EST == 2016-11-06 06:30:00 UTC
โ€” end example
 ]

27.11.4 Information classes [time.zone.info]

27.11.4.1 Class sys_­info [time.zone.info.sys]

namespace std::chrono {
  struct sys_info {
    sys_seconds   begin;
    sys_seconds   end;
    seconds       offset;
    minutes       save;
    string        abbrev;
  };
}
1
#
A sys_­info object can be obtained from the combination of a time_­zone and either a sys_­time or local_­time.
It can also be obtained from a zoned_­time, which is effectively a pair of a time_­zone and sys_­time.
2
#
[ Note
:
This type provides a low-level interface to time zone information.
Typical conversions from sys_­time to local_­time will use this class implicitly, not explicitly.
โ€” end note
 ]
3
#
The begin and end data members indicate that, for the associated time_­zone and time_­point, the offset and abbrev are in effect in the range [begin, end).
This information can be used to efficiently iterate the transitions of a time_­zone.
4
#
The offset data member indicates the UTC offset in effect for the associated time_­zone and time_­point.
The relationship between local_­time and sys_­time is:
offset = local_time - sys_time
5
#
The save data member is extra information not normally needed for conversion between local_­time and sys_­time.
If save != 0min, this sys_­info is said to be on โ€œdaylight savingโ€ time, and offset - save suggests what offset this time_­zone might use if it were off daylight saving time.
However, this information should not be taken as authoritative.
The only sure way to get such information is to query the time_­zone with a time_­point that returns a sys_­info where save == 0min.
There is no guarantee what time_­point might return such a sys_­info except that it is guaranteed not to be in the range [begin, end) (if save != 0min for this sys_­info).
6
#
The abbrev data member indicates the current abbreviation used for the associated time_­zone and time_­point.
Abbreviations are not unique among the time_­zones, and so one cannot reliably map abbreviations back to a time_­zone and UTC offset.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const sys_info& r);
7
#
Effects: Streams out the sys_­info object r in an unspecified format.
8
#
Returns: os.

27.11.4.2 Class local_­info [time.zone.info.local]

namespace std::chrono {
  struct local_info {
    static constexpr int unique      = 0;
    static constexpr int nonexistent = 1;
    static constexpr int ambiguous   = 2;

    int result;
    sys_info first;
    sys_info second;
  };
}
1
#
[ Note
:
This type provides a low-level interface to time zone information.
Typical conversions from local_­time to sys_­time will use this class implicitly, not explicitly.
โ€” end note
 ]
2
#
Describes the result of converting a local_­time to a sys_­time as follows:
  • (2.1)
    When a local_­time to sys_­time conversion is unique, result == unique, first will be filled out with the correct sys_­info, and second will be zero-initialized.
  • (2.2)
    If the conversion stems from a nonexistent local_­time then result == nonexistent, first will be filled out with the sys_­info that ends just prior to the local_­time, and second will be filled out with the sys_­info that begins just after the local_­time.
  • (2.3)
    If the conversion stems from an ambiguous local_­time, then result == ambiguous, first will be filled out with the sys_­info that ends just after the local_­time, and second will be filled out with the sys_­info that starts just before the local_­time.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const local_info& r);
3
#
Effects: Streams out the local_­info object r in an unspecified format.
4
#
Returns: os.

27.11.5 Class time_­zone [time.zone.timezone]

27.11.5.1 Overview [time.zone.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class time_zone {
  public:
    time_zone(time_zone&&) = default;
    time_zone& operator=(time_zone&&) = default;

    // unspecified additional constructors

    string_view name() const noexcept;

    template<class Duration> sys_info   get_info(const sys_time<Duration>& st)   const;
    template<class Duration> local_info get_info(const local_time<Duration>& tp) const;

    template<class Duration>
      sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        to_sys(const local_time<Duration>& tp) const;

    template<class Duration>
      sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        to_sys(const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose z) const;

    template<class Duration>
      local_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>
        to_local(const sys_time<Duration>& tp) const;
  };
}
1
#
A time_­zone represents all time zone transitions for a specific geographic area.
time_­zone construction is unspecified, and performed as part of database initialization.
[ Note
:
const time_­zone objects can be accessed via functions such as locate_­zone.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.11.5.2 Member functions [time.zone.members]

๐Ÿ”—
string_view name() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: The name of the time_­zone.
2
#
[ Example
:
"America/New_­York".
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> sys_info get_info(const sys_time<Duration>& st) const;
3
#
Returns: A sys_­info i for which st is in the range [i.begin, i.end).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> local_info get_info(const local_time<Duration>& tp) const;
4
#
Returns: A local_­info for tp.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> to_sys(const local_time<Duration>& tp) const;
5
#
Returns: A sys_­time that is at least as fine as seconds, and will be finer if the argument tp has finer precision.
This sys_­time is the UTC equivalent of tp according to the rules of this time_­zone.
6
#
Throws: If the conversion from tp to a sys_­time is ambiguous, throws ambiguous_­local_­time.
If the tp represents a non-existent time between two UTC time_­points, throws nonexistent_­local_­time.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> sys_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> to_sys(const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose z) const;
7
#
Returns: A sys_­time that is at least as fine as seconds, and will be finer if the argument tp has finer precision.
This sys_­time is the UTC equivalent of tp according to the rules of this time_­zone.
If the conversion from tp to a sys_­time is ambiguous, returns the earlier sys_­time if z == choose​::​earliest, and returns the later sys_­time if z == choose​::​latest.
If the tp represents a non-existent time between two UTC time_­points, then the two UTC time_­points will be the same, and that UTC time_­point will be returned.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> local_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>> to_local(const sys_time<Duration>& tp) const;
8
#
Returns: The local_­time associated with tp and this time_­zone.

27.11.5.3 Non-member functions [time.zone.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
bool operator==(const time_zone& x, const time_zone& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.name() == y.name().
๐Ÿ”—
strong_ordering operator<=>(const time_zone& x, const time_zone& y) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: x.name() <=> y.name().

27.11.6 Class template zoned_­traits [time.zone.zonedtraits]

namespace std::chrono {
  template<class T> struct zoned_traits {};
}
1
#
zoned_­traits provides a means for customizing the behavior of zoned_­time<Duration, TimeZonePtr> for the zoned_­time default constructor, and constructors taking string_­view.
A specialization for const time_­zone* is provided by the implementation:
namespace std::chrono {
  template<> struct zoned_traits<const time_zone*> {
    static const time_zone* default_zone();
    static const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view name);
  };
}
๐Ÿ”—
static const time_zone* default_zone();
2
#
Returns: std​::​chrono​::​locate_­zone("UTC").
๐Ÿ”—
static const time_zone* locate_zone(string_view name);
3
#
Returns: std​::​chrono​::​locate_­zone(name).

27.11.7 Class template zoned_­time [time.zone.zonedtime]

27.11.7.1 Overview [time.zone.zonedtime.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr = const time_zone*>
  class zoned_time {
  public:
    using duration = common_type_t<Duration, seconds>;

  private:
    TimeZonePtr        zone_;                   // exposition only
    sys_time<duration> tp_;                     // exposition only

    using traits = zoned_traits<TimeZonePtr>;   // exposition only

  public:
    zoned_time();
    zoned_time(const zoned_time&) = default;
    zoned_time& operator=(const zoned_time&) = default;

    zoned_time(const sys_time<Duration>& st);
    explicit zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z);
    explicit zoned_time(string_view name);

    template<class Duration2>
      zoned_time(const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr>& zt);

    zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z,    const sys_time<Duration>& st);
    zoned_time(string_view name, const sys_time<Duration>& st);

    zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z,    const local_time<Duration>& tp);
    zoned_time(string_view name, const local_time<Duration>& tp);
    zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z,    const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose c);
    zoned_time(string_view name, const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose c);

    template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2>
      zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& zt);
    template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2>
      zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& zt, choose);

    template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2>
      zoned_time(string_view name, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& zt);
    template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2>
      zoned_time(string_view name, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& zt, choose);

    zoned_time& operator=(const sys_time<Duration>& st);
    zoned_time& operator=(const local_time<Duration>& ut);

    operator sys_time<duration>() const;
    explicit operator local_time<duration>() const;

    TimeZonePtr          get_time_zone()  const;
    local_time<duration> get_local_time() const;
    sys_time<duration>   get_sys_time()   const;
    sys_info             get_info()       const;
  };

  zoned_time() -> zoned_time<seconds>;

  template<class Duration>
    zoned_time(sys_time<Duration>)
      -> zoned_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>>;

  template<class TimeZonePtrOrName>
    using time-zone-representation =        // exposition only
      conditional_t<is_convertible_v<TimeZonePtrOrName, string_view>,
                    const time_zone*,
                    remove_cvref_t<TimeZonePtrOrName>>;

  template<class TimeZonePtrOrName>
    zoned_time(TimeZonePtrOrName&&)
      -> zoned_time<seconds, time-zone-representation<TimeZonePtrOrName>>;

  template<class TimeZonePtrOrName, class Duration>
    zoned_time(TimeZonePtrOrName&&, sys_time<Duration>)
      -> zoned_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>,
                    time-zone-representation<TimeZonePtrOrName>>;

  template<class TimeZonePtrOrName, class Duration>
    zoned_time(TimeZonePtrOrName&&, local_time<Duration>,
               choose = choose::earliest)
      -> zoned_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>,
                    time-zone-representation<TimeZonePtrOrName>>;

  template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtrOrName, class TimeZonePtr2>
    zoned_time(TimeZonePtrOrName&&, zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr2>,
               choose = choose::earliest)
      -> zoned_time<common_type_t<Duration, seconds>,
                    time-zone-representation<TimeZonePtrOrName>>;
}
1
#
zoned_­time represents a logical pairing of a time_­zone and a time_­point with precision Duration.
zoned_­time<Duration> maintains the invariant that it always refers to a valid time zone and represents a point in time that exists and is not ambiguous in that time zone.
2
#
If Duration is not a specialization of chrono​::​duration, the program is ill-formed.
3
#
Every constructor of zoned_­time that accepts a string_­view as its first parameter does not participate in class template argument deduction ([over.match.class.deduct]).

27.11.7.2 Constructors [time.zone.zonedtime.ctor]

๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time();
1
#
Constraints: traits​::​default_­zone() is a well-formed expression.
2
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with traits​::​default_­zone() and default constructs tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(const sys_time<Duration>& st);
3
#
Constraints: traits​::​default_­zone() is a well-formed expression.
4
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with traits​::​default_­zone() and tp_­ with st.
๐Ÿ”—
explicit zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z);
5
#
Preconditions: z refers to a time zone.
6
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with std​::​move(z) and default constructs tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
explicit zoned_time(string_view name);
7
#
Constraints: traits​::​locate_­zone(string_­view{}) is a well-formed expression and zoned_­time is constructible from the return type of traits​::​locate_­zone(string_­view{}).
8
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with traits​::​locate_­zone(name) and default constructs tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration2> zoned_time(const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr>& y);
9
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<sys_­time<Duration2>, sys_­time<Duration>> is true.
10
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with y.zone_­ and tp_­ with y.tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const sys_time<Duration>& st);
11
#
Preconditions: z refers to a time zone.
12
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with std​::​move(z) and tp_­ with st.
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(string_view name, const sys_time<Duration>& st);
13
#
Constraints: zoned_­time is constructible from the return type of traits​::​locate_­zone(name) and st.
14
#
Effects: Equivalent to construction with {traits​::​locate_­zone(name), st}.
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const local_time<Duration>& tp);
15
#
Preconditions: z refers to a time zone.
16
#
Constraints: 
is_convertible_v<
  decltype(declval<TimeZonePtr&>()->to_sys(local_time<Duration>{})),
  sys_time<duration>>
is true.
17
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with std​::​move(z) and tp_­ with zone_­->to_­sys(tp).
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(string_view name, const local_time<Duration>& tp);
18
#
Constraints: zoned_­time is constructible from the return type of traits​::​locate_­zone(name) and tp.
19
#
Effects: Equivalent to construction with {traits​::​locate_­zone(name), tp}.
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose c);
20
#
Preconditions: z refers to a time zone.
21
#
Constraints: 
is_convertible_v<
  decltype(declval<TimeZonePtr&>()->to_sys(local_time<Duration>{}, choose::earliest)),
  sys_time<duration>>
is true.
22
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with std​::​move(z) and tp_­ with zone_­->to_­sys(tp, c).
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time(string_view name, const local_time<Duration>& tp, choose c);
23
#
Constraints: zoned_­time is constructible from the return type of traits​::​locate_­zone(name), local_­time<Duration>, and choose.
24
#
Effects: Equivalent to construction with {traits​::​locate_­zone(name), tp, c}.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2> zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& y);
25
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<sys_­time<Duration2>, sys_­time<Duration>> is true.
26
#
Preconditions: z refers to a valid time zone.
27
#
Effects: Initializes zone_­ with std​::​move(z) and tp_­ with y.tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2> zoned_time(TimeZonePtr z, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& y, choose);
28
#
Constraints: is_­convertible_­v<sys_­time<Duration2>, sys_­time<Duration>> is true.
29
#
Preconditions: z refers to a valid time zone.
30
#
Effects: Equivalent to construction with {z, y}.
31
#
[ Note
:
The choose parameter has no effect.
โ€” end note
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2> zoned_time(string_view name, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& y);
32
#
Constraints: zoned_­time is constructible from the return type of traits​::​locate_­zone(name) and the type zoned_­time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>.
33
#
Effects: Equivalent to construction with {traits​::​locate_­zone(name), y}.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr2> zoned_time(string_view name, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>& y, choose c);
34
#
Constraints: zoned_­time is constructible from the return type of traits​::​locate_­zone(name), the type zoned_­time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr2>, and the type choose.
35
#
Effects: Equivalent to construction with {traits​::​locate_­zone(name), y, c}.
36
#
[ Note
:
The choose parameter has no effect.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.11.7.3 Member functions [time.zone.zonedtime.members]

๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time& operator=(const sys_time<Duration>& st);
1
#
Effects: After assignment, get_­sys_­time() == st.
This assignment has no effect on the return value of get_­time_­zone().
2
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
zoned_time& operator=(const local_time<Duration>& lt);
3
#
Effects: After assignment, get_­local_­time() == lt.
This assignment has no effect on the return value of get_­time_­zone().
4
#
Returns: *this.
๐Ÿ”—
operator sys_time<duration>() const;
5
#
Returns: get_­sys_­time().
๐Ÿ”—
explicit operator local_time<duration>() const;
6
#
Returns: get_­local_­time().
๐Ÿ”—
TimeZonePtr get_time_zone() const;
7
#
Returns: zone_­.
๐Ÿ”—
local_time<duration> get_local_time() const;
8
#
Returns: zone_­->to_­local(tp_­).
๐Ÿ”—
sys_time<duration> get_sys_time() const;
9
#
Returns: tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
sys_info get_info() const;
10
#
Returns: zone_­->get_­info(tp_­).

27.11.7.4 Non-member functions [time.zone.zonedtime.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration1, class Duration2, class TimeZonePtr> bool operator==(const zoned_time<Duration1, TimeZonePtr>& x, const zoned_time<Duration2, TimeZonePtr>& y);
1
#
Returns: x.zone_­ == y.zone_­ && x.tp_­ == y.tp_­.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Duration, class TimeZonePtr> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& t);
2
#
Effects: Streams the value returned from t.get_­local_­time() to os using the format "%F %T %Z".
3
#
Returns: os.

27.11.8 Class leap_­second [time.zone.leap]

27.11.8.1 Overview [time.zone.leap.overview]

namespace std::chrono {
  class leap_second {
  public:
    leap_second(const leap_second&)            = default;
    leap_second& operator=(const leap_second&) = default;

    // unspecified additional constructors

    constexpr sys_seconds date() const noexcept;
    constexpr seconds value() const noexcept;
  };
}
1
#
Objects of type leap_­second representing the date and value of the leap second insertions are constructed and stored in the time zone database when initialized.
2
#
[ Example
: 
for (auto& l : get_tzdb().leap_seconds)
  if (l <= 2018y/March/17d)
    cout << l.date() << ": " << l.value() << '\n';
Produces the output:
1972-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1973-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1974-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1975-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1976-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1977-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1978-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1979-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1980-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1981-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1982-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1983-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1985-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1988-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1990-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1991-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1992-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1993-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1994-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1996-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
1997-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
1999-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
2006-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
2009-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
2012-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
2015-07-01 00:00:00: 1s
2017-01-01 00:00:00: 1s
โ€” end example
 ]

27.11.8.2 Member functions [time.zone.leap.members]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr sys_seconds date() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: The date and time at which the leap second was inserted.
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr seconds value() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: +1s to indicate a positive leap second or -1s to indicate a negative leap second.
[ Note
:
All leap seconds inserted up through 2019 were positive leap seconds.
โ€” end note
 ]

27.11.8.3 Non-member functions [time.zone.leap.nonmembers]

๐Ÿ”—
constexpr bool operator==(const leap_second& x, const leap_second& y) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: x.date() == y.date().
๐Ÿ”—
constexpr strong_ordering operator<=>(const leap_second& x, const leap_second& y) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: x.date() <=> y.date().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator==(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: x.date() == y.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator<(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y) noexcept;
4
#
Returns: x.date() < y.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator<(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: x < y.date().
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator>(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y) noexcept;
6
#
Returns: y < x.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator>(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y) noexcept;
7
#
Returns: y < x.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator<=(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y) noexcept;
8
#
Returns: !(y < x).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator<=(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y) noexcept;
9
#
Returns: !(y < x).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator>=(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y) noexcept;
10
#
Returns: !(x < y).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> constexpr bool operator>=(const sys_time<Duration>& x, const leap_second& y) noexcept;
11
#
Returns: !(x < y).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> requires three_­way_­comparable_­with<sys_seconds, sys_time<Duration>> constexpr auto operator<=>(const leap_second& x, const sys_time<Duration>& y) noexcept;
12
#
Returns: x.date() <=> y.

27.12 Formatting [time.format]

1
#
Each formatter ([format.formatter]) specialization in the chrono library ([time.syn]) meets the Formatter requirements ([formatter.requirements]).
The parse member functions of these formatters interpret the format specification as a chrono-format-spec according to the following syntax:
chrono-format-spec:
	fill-and-align width precision chrono-specs

chrono-specs:
	conversion-spec
	chrono-specs conversion-spec
	chrono-specs literal-char

literal-char:
	any character other than {, }, or %

conversion-spec:
	% modifier type

modifier: one of
	E O

type: one of
	a A b B c C d D e F g G h H I j m M n
	p q Q r R S t T u U V w W x X y Y z Z %
The productions fill-and-align, width, and precision are described in [format.string].
Giving a precision specification in the chrono-format-spec is valid only for std​::​chrono​::​duration types where the representation type Rep is a floating-point type.
For all other Rep types, an exception of type format_­error is thrown if the chrono-format-spec contains a precision specification.
All ordinary multibyte characters represented by literal-char are copied unchanged to the output.
2
#
Each conversion specifier conversion-spec is replaced by appropriate characters as described in Table 99.
Some of the conversion specifiers depend on the locale that is passed to the formatting function if the latter takes one, or the global locale otherwise.
If the formatted object does not contain the information the conversion specifier refers to, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
3
#
The result of formatting a std​::​chrono​::​duration instance holding a negative value, or an hh_­mm_­ss object h for which h.is_­negative() is true, is equivalent to the output of the corresponding positive value, with a STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("-") character sequence placed before the replacement of the initial conversion specifier.
[ Example
: 
cout << format("{:%T}", -10'000s);          // prints: -02:46:40
cout << format("{:%H:%M:%S}", -10'000s);    // prints: -02:46:40
cout << format("minutes {:%M, hours %H, seconds %S}", -10'000s);
                                            // prints: minutes -46, hours 02, seconds 40
โ€” end example
 ]
4
#
Unless explicitly requested, the result of formatting a chrono type does not contain time zone abbreviation and time zone offset information.
If the information is available, the conversion specifiers %Z and %z will format this information (respectively).
[ Note
:
If the information is not available and a %Z or %z conversion specifier appears in the chrono-format-spec, an exception of type format_­error is thrown, as described above.
โ€” end note
 ]
5
#
If the type being formatted does not contain the information that the format flag needs, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
[ Example
:
A duration does not contain enough information to format as a weekday.
โ€” end example
 ]
However, if a flag refers to a โ€œtime of dayโ€ (e.g. %H, %I, %p, etc.)
, then a specialization of duration is interpreted as the time of day elapsed since midnight.
Table 99: Meaning of conversion specifiers   [tab:time.format.spec]
Specifier
Replacement
%a
The locale's abbreviated weekday name.
If the value does not contain a valid weekday, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
%A
The locale's full weekday name.
If the value does not contain a valid weekday, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
%b
The locale's abbreviated month name.
If the value does not contain a valid month, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
%B
The locale's full month name.
If the value does not contain a valid month, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
%c
The locale's date and time representation.
The modified command %Ec produces the locale's alternate date and time representation.
%C
The year divided by 100 using floored division.
If the result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %EC produces the locale's alternative representation of the century.
%d
The day of month as a decimal number.
If the result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %Od produces the locale's alternative representation.
%D
Equivalent to %m/%d/%y.
%e
The day of month as a decimal number.
If the result is a single decimal digit, it is prefixed with a space.
The modified command %Oe produces the locale's alternative representation.
%F
Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d.
%g
The last two decimal digits of the ISO week-based year.
If the result is a single digit it is prefixed by 0.
%G
The ISO week-based year as a decimal number.
If the result is less than four digits it is left-padded with 0 to four digits.
%h
Equivalent to %b.
%H
The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OH produces the locale's alternative representation.
%I
The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OI produces the locale's alternative representation.
%j
If the type being formatted is a specialization of duration, the decimal number of days without padding.
Otherwise, the day of the year as a decimal number.
Jan 1 is 001.
If the result is less than three digits, it is left-padded with 0 to three digits.
%m
The month as a decimal number.
Jan is 01.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %Om produces the locale's alternative representation.
%M
The minute as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OM produces the locale's alternative representation.
%n
A new-line character.
%p
The locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock.
%q
The duration's unit suffix as specified in [time.duration.io].
%Q
The duration's numeric value (as if extracted via .count()).
%r
The locale's 12-hour clock time.
%R
Equivalent to %H:%M.
%S
Seconds as a decimal number.
If the number of seconds is less than 10, the result is prefixed with 0.
If the precision of the input cannot be exactly represented with seconds, then the format is a decimal floating-point number with a fixed format and a precision matching that of the precision of the input (or to a microseconds precision if the conversion to floating-point decimal seconds cannot be made within 18 fractional digits).
The character for the decimal point is localized according to the locale.
The modified command %OS produces the locale's alternative representation.
%t
A horizontal-tab character.
%T
Equivalent to %H:%M:%S.
%u
The ISO weekday as a decimal number (1-7), where Monday is 1.
The modified command %Ou produces the locale's alternative representation.
%U
The week number of the year as a decimal number.
The first Sunday of the year is the first day of week 01.
Days of the same year prior to that are in week 00.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OU produces the locale's alternative representation.
%V
The ISO week-based week number as a decimal number.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OV produces the locale's alternative representation.
%w
The weekday as a decimal number (0-6), where Sunday is 0.
The modified command %Ow produces the locale's alternative representation.
%W
The week number of the year as a decimal number.
The first Monday of the year is the first day of week 01.
Days of the same year prior to that are in week 00.
If the result is a single digit, it is prefixed with 0.
The modified command %OW produces the locale's alternative representation.
%x
The locale's date representation.
The modified command %Ex produces the locale's alternate date representation.
%X
The locale's time representation.
The modified command %EX produces the locale's alternate time representation.
%y
The last two decimal digits of the year.
If the result is a single digit it is prefixed by 0.
The modified command %Oy produces the locale's alternative representation.
The modified command %Ey produces the locale's alternative representation of offset from %EC (year only).
%Y
The year as a decimal number.
If the result is less than four digits it is left-padded with 0 to four digits.
The modified command %EY produces the locale's alternative full year representation.
%z
The offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 format.
For example -0430 refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC.
If the offset is zero, +0000 is used.
The modified commands %Ez and %Oz insert a : between the hours and minutes: -04:30.
If the offset information is not available, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
%Z
The time zone abbreviation.
If the time zone abbreviation is not available, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
%%
A % character.
6
#
If the chrono-specs is omitted, the chrono object is formatted as if by streaming it to std​::​ostringstream os and copying os.str() through the output iterator of the context with additional padding and adjustments as specified by the format specifiers.
[ Example
: 
string s = format("{:=>8}", 42ms);      // value of s is "====42ms"
โ€” end example
 ]
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::sys_time<Duration>, charT>;
7
#
Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("UTC").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::utc_time<Duration>, charT>;
8
#
Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("UTC").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
If the argument represents a time during a positive leap second insertion, and if a seconds field is formatted, the integral portion of that format is STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("60").
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::tai_time<Duration>, charT>;
9
#
Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("TAI").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
The date and time formatted are equivalent to those formatted by a sys_­time initialized with 
sys_time<Duration>{tp.time_since_epoch()} -
  (sys_days{1970y/January/1} - sys_days{1958y/January/1})
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::gps_time<Duration>, charT>;
10
#
Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("GPS").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
The date and time formatted are equivalent to those formatted by a sys_­time initialized with 
sys_time<Duration>{tp.time_since_epoch()} +
  (sys_days{1980y/January/Sunday[1]} - sys_days{1970y/January/1})
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::file_time<Duration>, charT>;
11
#
Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with STATICALLY-WIDEN<charT>("UTC").
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, an offset of 0min is formatted.
The date and time formatted are equivalent to those formatted by a sys_­time initialized with clock_­cast<system_­clock>(t), or by a utc_­time initialized with clock_­cast<utc_­clock>(t), where t is the first argument to format.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::local_time<Duration>, charT>;
12
#
Remarks: If %Z, %z, or a modified version of %z is used, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
template<class Duration> struct local-time-format-t {           // exposition only
  local_time<Duration> time;                                    // exposition only
  const string* abbrev;                                         // exposition only
  const seconds* offset_sec;                                    // exposition only
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration> local-time-format-t<Duration> local_time_format(local_time<Duration> time, const string* abbrev = nullptr, const seconds* offset_sec = nullptr);
13
#
Returns: {time, abbrev, offset_­sec}.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class Duration, class charT> struct formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT>;
14
#
Let f be a local-time-format-t<Duration> object passed to formatter​::​format.
15
#
Remarks: If %Z is used, it is replaced with *f.abbrev if f.abbrev is not a null pointer value.
If %Z is used and f.abbrev is a null pointer value, an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used, it is formatted with the value of *f.offset_­sec if f.offset_­sec is not a null pointer value.
If %z (or a modified variant of %z) is used and f.offset_­sec is a null pointer value, then an exception of type format_­error is thrown.
template<class Duration, class TimeZonePtr, class charT>
struct formatter<chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>, charT>
    : formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT> {
  template<class FormatContext>
    typename FormatContext::iterator
      format(const chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& tp, FormatContext& ctx);
};
๐Ÿ”—
template<class FormatContext> typename FormatContext::iterator format(const chrono::zoned_time<Duration, TimeZonePtr>& tp, FormatContext& ctx);
16
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
sys_info info = tp.get_info();
return formatter<chrono::local-time-format-t<Duration>, charT>::
         format({tp.get_local_time(), &info.abbrev, &info.offset}, ctx);

27.13 Parsing [time.parse]

1
#
Each parse overload specified in this subclause calls from_­stream unqualified, so as to enable argument dependent lookup ([basic.lookup.argdep]).
In the following paragraphs, let is denote an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> and let I be basic_­istream<charT, traits>&, where charT and traits are template parameters in that context.
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable> unspecified parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& fmt, Parsable& tp);
2
#
Constraints: The expression 
from_stream(declval<basic_istream<charT, traits>&>(), fmt.c_str(), tp)
is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.
3
#
Returns: A manipulator such that the expression is >> parse(fmt, tp) has type I, has value is, and calls from_­stream(is, fmt.c_­str(), tp).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable> unspecified parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& fmt, Parsable& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& abbrev);
4
#
Constraints: The expression 
from_stream(declval<basic_istream<charT, traits>&>(), fmt.c_str(), tp, addressof(abbrev))
is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.
5
#
Returns: A manipulator such that the expression is >> parse(fmt, tp, abbrev) has type I, has value is, and calls from_­stream(is, fmt.c_­str(), tp, addressof(abbrev)).
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable> unspecified parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& fmt, Parsable& tp, minutes& offset);
6
#
Constraints: The expression 
from_stream(declval<basic_istream<charT, traits>&>(),
            fmt.c_str(), tp,
            declval<basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>*>(),
            &offset)
is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.
7
#
Returns: A manipulator such that the expression is >> parse(fmt, tp, offset) has type I, has value is, and calls: 
from_stream(is,
            fmt.c_str(), tp,
            static_cast<basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>*>(nullptr),
            &offset)
๐Ÿ”—
template<class charT, class traits, class Alloc, class Parsable> unspecified parse(const basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& fmt, Parsable& tp, basic_string<charT, traits, Alloc>& abbrev, minutes& offset);
8
#
Constraints: The expression 
from_stream(declval<basic_istream<charT, traits>&>(),
            fmt.c_str(), tp, addressof(abbrev), &offset)
is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.
9
#
Returns: A manipulator such that the expression is >> parse(fmt, tp, abbrev, offset) has type I, has value is, and calls from_­stream(is, fmt.c_­str(), tp, addressof(abbrev), &offset).
10
#
All from_­stream overloads behave as unformatted input functions, except that they have an unspecified effect on the value returned by subsequent calls to basic_­istream<>​::​gcount().
Each overload takes a format string containing ordinary characters and flags which have special meaning.
Each flag begins with a %.
Some flags can be modified by E or O.
During parsing each flag interprets characters as parts of date and time types according to Table 100.
Some flags can be modified by a width parameter given as a positive decimal integer called out as N below which governs how many characters are parsed from the stream in interpreting the flag.
All characters in the format string that are not represented in Table 100, except for white space, are parsed unchanged from the stream.
A white space character matches zero or more white space characters in the input stream.
11
#
If the type being parsed cannot represent the information that the format flag refers to, is.setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called.
[ Example
:
A duration cannot represent a weekday.
โ€” end example
 ]
However, if a flag refers to a โ€œtime of dayโ€ (e.g. %H, %I, %p, etc.)
, then a specialization of duration is parsed as the time of day elapsed since midnight.
12
#
If the from_­stream overload fails to parse everything specified by the format string, or if insufficient information is parsed to specify a complete duration, time point, or calendrical data structure, setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit) is called on the basic_­istream.
Table 100: Meaning of parse flags   [tab:time.parse.spec]
Flag
Parsed value
%a
The locale's full or abbreviated case-insensitive weekday name.
%A
Equivalent to %a.
%b
The locale's full or abbreviated case-insensitive month name.
%B
Equivalent to %b.
%c
The locale's date and time representation.
The modified command %Ec interprets the locale's alternate date and time representation.
%C
The century as a decimal number.
The modified command %NC specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %EC interprets the locale's alternative representation of the century.
%d
The day of the month as a decimal number.
The modified command %Nd specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %Od interprets the locale's alternative representation of the day of the month.
%D
Equivalent to %m/%d/%y.
%e
Equivalent to %d and can be modified like %d.
%F
Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d.
If modified with a width N, the width is applied to only %Y.
%g
The last two decimal digits of the ISO week-based year.
The modified command %Ng specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%G
The ISO week-based year as a decimal number.
The modified command %NG specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 4.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%h
Equivalent to %b.
%H
The hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number.
The modified command %NH specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %OH interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%I
The hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number.
The modified command %NI specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %OI interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%j
If the type being parsed is a specialization of duration, a decimal number of days.
Otherwise, the day of the year as a decimal number.
Jan 1 is 1.
In either case, the modified command %Nj specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 3.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%m
The month as a decimal number.
Jan is 1.
The modified command %Nm specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %Om interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%M
The minutes as a decimal number.
The modified command %NM specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %OM interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%n
Matches one white space character.
[ Note
:
%n, %t, and a space can be combined to match a wide range of white-space patterns.
For example, "%n " matches one or more white space characters, and "%n%t%t" matches one to three white space characters.
โ€” end note
 ]
%p
The locale's equivalent of the AM/PM designations associated with a 12-hour clock.
%r
The locale's 12-hour clock time.
%R
Equivalent to %H:%M.
%S
The seconds as a decimal number.
The modified command %NS specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2 if the input time has a precision convertible to seconds.
Otherwise the default width is determined by the decimal precision of the input and the field is interpreted as a long double in a fixed format.
If encountered, the locale determines the decimal point character.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %OS interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%t
Matches zero or one white space characters.
%T
Equivalent to %H:%M:%S.
%u
The ISO weekday as a decimal number (1-7), where Monday is 1.
The modified command %Nu specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 1.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%U
The week number of the year as a decimal number.
The first Sunday of the year is the first day of week 01.
Days of the same year prior to that are in week 00.
The modified command %NU specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %OU interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%V
The ISO week-based week number as a decimal number.
The modified command %NV specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
%w
The weekday as a decimal number (0-6), where Sunday is 0.
The modified command %Nw specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 1.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %Ow interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%W
The week number of the year as a decimal number.
The first Monday of the year is the first day of week 01.
Days of the same year prior to that are in week 00.
The modified command %NW specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %OW interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%x
The locale's date representation.
The modified command %Ex interprets the locale's alternate date representation.
%X
The locale's time representation.
The modified command %EX interprets the locale's alternate time representation.
%y
The last two decimal digits of the year.
If the century is not otherwise specified (e.g. with %C), values in the range [69, 99] are presumed to refer to the years 1969 to 1999, and values in the range [00, 68] are presumed to refer to the years 2000 to 2068.
The modified command %Ny specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 2.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified commands %Ey and %Oy interpret the locale's alternative representation.
%Y
The year as a decimal number.
The modified command %NY specifies the maximum number of characters to read.
If N is not specified, the default is 4.
Leading zeroes are permitted but not required.
The modified command %EY interprets the locale's alternative representation.
%z
The offset from UTC in the format [+|-]hh[mm].
For example -0430 refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC, and 04 refers to 4 hours ahead of UTC.
The modified commands %Ez and %Oz parse a : between the hours and minutes and render leading zeroes on the hour field optional: [+|-]h[h][:mm].
For example -04:30 refers to 4 hours 30 minutes behind UTC, and 4 refers to 4 hours ahead of UTC.
%Z
The time zone abbreviation or name.
A single word is parsed.
This word can only contain characters from the basic source character set ([lex.charset]) that are alphanumeric, or one of '_­', '/', '-', or '+'.
%%
A % character is extracted.

27.14 Header <ctime> synopsis [ctime.syn]

#define NULL see [support.types.nullptr]
#define CLOCKS_PER_SEC see below
#define TIME_UTC see below

namespace std {
  using size_t = see [support.types.layout];
  using clock_t = see below;
  using time_t = see below;

  struct timespec;
  struct tm;

  clock_t clock();
  double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
  time_t mktime(struct tm* timeptr);
  time_t time(time_t* timer);
  int timespec_get(timespec* ts, int base);
  char* asctime(const struct tm* timeptr);
  char* ctime(const time_t* timer);
  struct tm* gmtime(const time_t* timer);
  struct tm* localtime(const time_t* timer);
  size_t strftime(char* s, size_t maxsize, const char* format, const struct tm* timeptr);
}
1
#
The contents of the header <ctime> are the same as the C standard library header <time.h>.255
2
#
The functions asctime, ctime, gmtime, and localtime are not required to avoid data races ([res.on.data.races]).
See also: ISO C 7.27
255)
strftime supports the C conversion specifiers C, D, e, F, g, G, h, r, R, t, T, u, V, and z, and the modifiers E and O.
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