29 Input/output library [input.output]

29.11.1 General [fs.general]

29.11.2 Conformance [fs.conformance]

29.11.3 Normative references [fs.norm.ref]

29.11.4 Requirements [fs.req]

29.11.5 Header <filesystem> synopsis [fs.filesystem.syn]

#include <compare>              // see [compare.syn]

namespace std::filesystem {
  // [fs.class.path], paths
  class path;

  // [fs.path.nonmember], path non-member functions
  void swap(path& lhs, path& rhs) noexcept;
  size_t hash_value(const path& p) noexcept;

  // [fs.class.filesystem.error], filesystem errors
  class filesystem_error;

  // [fs.class.directory.entry], directory entries
  class directory_entry;

  // [fs.class.directory.iterator], directory iterators
  class directory_iterator;

  // [fs.dir.itr.nonmembers], range access for directory iterators
  directory_iterator begin(directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
  directory_iterator end(const directory_iterator&) noexcept;

  // [fs.class.rec.dir.itr], recursive directory iterators
  class recursive_directory_iterator;

  // [fs.rec.dir.itr.nonmembers], range access for recursive directory iterators
  recursive_directory_iterator begin(recursive_directory_iterator iter) noexcept;
  recursive_directory_iterator end(const recursive_directory_iterator&) noexcept;

  // [fs.class.file.status], file status
  class file_status;

  struct space_info {
    uintmax_t capacity;
    uintmax_t free;
    uintmax_t available;

    friend bool operator==(const space_info&, const space_info&) = default;
  };

  // [fs.enum], enumerations
  enum class file_type;
  enum class perms;
  enum class perm_options;
  enum class copy_options;
  enum class directory_options;

  using file_time_type = chrono::time_point<chrono::file_clock>;

  // [fs.op.funcs], filesystem operations
  path absolute(const path& p);
  path absolute(const path& p, error_code& ec);

  path canonical(const path& p);
  path canonical(const path& p, error_code& ec);

  void copy(const path& from, const path& to);
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options);
  void copy(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options options,
            error_code& ec);

  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to);
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec);
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option);
  bool copy_file(const path& from, const path& to, copy_options option,
                 error_code& ec);

  void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink);
  void copy_symlink(const path& existing_symlink, const path& new_symlink,
                    error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool create_directories(const path& p);
  bool create_directories(const path& p, error_code& ec);

  bool create_directory(const path& p);
  bool create_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes);
  bool create_directory(const path& p, const path& attributes,
                        error_code& ec) noexcept;

  void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
  void create_directory_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
                                error_code& ec) noexcept;

  void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link);
  void create_hard_link(const path& to, const path& new_hard_link,
                        error_code& ec) noexcept;

  void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink);
  void create_symlink(const path& to, const path& new_symlink,
                      error_code& ec) noexcept;

  path current_path();
  path current_path(error_code& ec);
  void current_path(const path& p);
  void current_path(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2);
  bool equivalent(const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool exists(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool exists(const path& p);
  bool exists(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  uintmax_t file_size(const path& p);
  uintmax_t file_size(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& p);
  uintmax_t hard_link_count(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_block_file(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_block_file(const path& p);
  bool is_block_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_character_file(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_character_file(const path& p);
  bool is_character_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_directory(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_directory(const path& p);
  bool is_directory(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_empty(const path& p);
  bool is_empty(const path& p, error_code& ec);

  bool is_fifo(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_fifo(const path& p);
  bool is_fifo(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_other(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_other(const path& p);
  bool is_other(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_regular_file(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_regular_file(const path& p);
  bool is_regular_file(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_socket(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_socket(const path& p);
  bool is_socket(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool is_symlink(file_status s) noexcept;
  bool is_symlink(const path& p);
  bool is_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  file_time_type last_write_time(const path& p);
  file_time_type last_write_time(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;
  void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time);
  void last_write_time(const path& p, file_time_type new_time,
                       error_code& ec) noexcept;

  void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts=perm_options::replace);
  void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, error_code& ec) noexcept;
  void permissions(const path& p, perms prms, perm_options opts, error_code& ec);

  path proximate(const path& p, error_code& ec);
  path proximate(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
  path proximate(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);

  path read_symlink(const path& p);
  path read_symlink(const path& p, error_code& ec);

  path relative(const path& p, error_code& ec);
  path relative(const path& p, const path& base = current_path());
  path relative(const path& p, const path& base, error_code& ec);

  bool remove(const path& p);
  bool remove(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  uintmax_t remove_all(const path& p);
  uintmax_t remove_all(const path& p, error_code& ec);

  void rename(const path& from, const path& to);
  void rename(const path& from, const path& to, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size);
  void resize_file(const path& p, uintmax_t size, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  space_info space(const path& p);
  space_info space(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  file_status status(const path& p);
  file_status status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  bool status_known(file_status s) noexcept;

  file_status symlink_status(const path& p);
  file_status symlink_status(const path& p, error_code& ec) noexcept;

  path temp_directory_path();
  path temp_directory_path(error_code& ec);

  path weakly_canonical(const path& p);
  path weakly_canonical(const path& p, error_code& ec);
}

29.11.6 Error reporting [fs.err.report]

29.11.7 Class path [fs.class.path]

namespace std::filesystem {
  class path {
  public:
    using value_type  = see below;
    using string_type = basic_string<value_type>;
    static constexpr value_type preferred_separator = see below;

    // [fs.enum.path.format], enumeration format
    enum format;

    // [fs.path.construct], constructors and destructor
    path() noexcept;
    path(const path& p);
    path(path&& p) noexcept;
    path(string_type&& source, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class Source>
      path(const Source& source, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class InputIterator>
      path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class Source>
      path(const Source& source, const locale& loc, format fmt = auto_format);
    template<class InputIterator>
      path(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const locale& loc, format fmt = auto_format);
    ~path();

    // [fs.path.assign], assignments
    path& operator=(const path& p);
    path& operator=(path&& p) noexcept;
    path& operator=(string_type&& source);
    path& assign(string_type&& source);
    template<class Source>
      path& operator=(const Source& source);
    template<class Source>
      path& assign(const Source& source);
    template<class InputIterator>
      path& assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

    // [fs.path.append], appends
    path& operator/=(const path& p);
    template<class Source>
      path& operator/=(const Source& source);
    template<class Source>
      path& append(const Source& source);
    template<class InputIterator>
      path& append(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

    // [fs.path.concat], concatenation
    path& operator+=(const path& x);
    path& operator+=(const string_type& x);
    path& operator+=(basic_string_view<value_type> x);
    path& operator+=(const value_type* x);
    path& operator+=(value_type x);
    template<class Source>
      path& operator+=(const Source& x);
    template<class EcharT>
      path& operator+=(EcharT x);
    template<class Source>
      path& concat(const Source& x);
    template<class InputIterator>
      path& concat(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);

    // [fs.path.modifiers], modifiers
    void  clear() noexcept;
    path& make_preferred();
    path& remove_filename();
    path& replace_filename(const path& replacement);
    path& replace_extension(const path& replacement = path());
    void  swap(path& rhs) noexcept;

    // [fs.path.nonmember], non-member operators
    friend bool operator==(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;
    friend strong_ordering operator<=>(const path& lhs, const path& rhs) noexcept;

    friend path operator/ (const path& lhs, const path& rhs);

    // [fs.path.native.obs], native format observers
    const string_type& native() const noexcept;
    const value_type*  c_str() const noexcept;
    operator string_type() const;

    template<class EcharT, class traits = char_traits<EcharT>,
             class Allocator = allocator<EcharT>>
      basic_string<EcharT, traits, Allocator>
        string(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
    std::string    string() const;
    std::wstring   wstring() const;
    std::u8string  u8string() const;
    std::u16string u16string() const;
    std::u32string u32string() const;

    // [fs.path.generic.obs], generic format observers
    template<class EcharT, class traits = char_traits<EcharT>,
             class Allocator = allocator<EcharT>>
      basic_string<EcharT, traits, Allocator>
        generic_string(const Allocator& a = Allocator()) const;
    std::string    generic_string() const;
    std::wstring   generic_wstring() const;
    std::u8string  generic_u8string() const;
    std::u16string generic_u16string() const;
    std::u32string generic_u32string() const;

    // [fs.path.compare], compare
    int compare(const path& p) const noexcept;
    int compare(const string_type& s) const;
    int compare(basic_string_view<value_type> s) const;
    int compare(const value_type* s) const;

    // [fs.path.decompose], decomposition
    path root_name() const;
    path root_directory() const;
    path root_path() const;
    path relative_path() const;
    path parent_path() const;
    path filename() const;
    path stem() const;
    path extension() const;

    // [fs.path.query], query
    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept;
    bool has_root_name() const;
    bool has_root_directory() const;
    bool has_root_path() const;
    bool has_relative_path() const;
    bool has_parent_path() const;
    bool has_filename() const;
    bool has_stem() const;
    bool has_extension() const;
    bool is_absolute() const;
    bool is_relative() const;

    // [fs.path.gen], generation
    path lexically_normal() const;
    path lexically_relative(const path& base) const;
    path lexically_proximate(const path& base) const;

    // [fs.path.itr], iterators
    class iterator;
    using const_iterator = iterator;

    iterator begin() const;
    iterator end() const;

    // [fs.path.io], path inserter and extractor
    template<class charT, class traits>
      friend basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
        operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os, const path& p);
    template<class charT, class traits>
      friend basic_istream<charT, traits>&
        operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, path& p);
  };
}

pathname:
	root-name${}_{opt}$ root-directory${}_{opt}$ relative-path

root-name:
	operating system dependent sequences of characters
	implementation-defined sequences of characters

root-directory:
	directory-separator

relative-path:
	filename
	filename directory-separator relative-path
	an empty path

filename:
	non-empty sequence of characters other than directory-separator characters

directory-separator:
	preferred-separator directory-separator${}_{opt}$
	fallback-separator directory-separator${}_{opt}$

preferred-separator:
	operating system dependent directory separator character

fallback-separator:
	/, if preferred-separator is not /

namespace fs = std::filesystem;
std::string latin1_string = read_latin1_data();
codecvt_8859_1<wchar_t> latin1_facet;
std::locale latin1_locale(std::locale(), latin1_facet);
fs::create_directory(fs::path(latin1_string, latin1_locale));

// On POSIX,
path("foo") /= path("");        // yields path("foo/")
path("foo") /= path("/bar");    // yields path("/bar")

// On Windows,
path("foo") /= path("");        // yields path("foo\\")
path("foo") /= path("/bar");    // yields path("/bar")
path("foo") /= path("c:/bar");  // yields path("c:/bar")
path("foo") /= path("c:");      // yields path("c:")
path("c:") /= path("");         // yields path("c:")
path("c:foo") /= path("/bar");  // yields path("c:/bar")
path("c:foo") /= path("c:bar"); // yields path("c:foo\\bar")

path p("foo/bar");
std::cout << p << '\n';
p.make_preferred();
std::cout << p << '\n';

"foo/bar"
"foo/bar"

"foo/bar"
"foo\bar"

path("foo/bar").remove_filename();      // yields "foo/"
path("foo/").remove_filename();         // yields "foo/"
path("/foo").remove_filename();         // yields "/"
path("/").remove_filename();            // yields "/"

remove_filename();
operator/=(replacement);

path("/foo").replace_filename("bar");   // yields "/bar" on POSIX
path("/").replace_filename("bar");      // yields "/bar" on POSIX

path("foo\\bar").generic_string()

path("/foo/bar.txt").filename();        // yields "bar.txt"
path("/foo/bar").filename();            // yields "bar"
path("/foo/bar/").filename();           // yields ""
path("/").filename();                   // yields ""
path("//host").filename();              // yields ""
path(".").filename();                   // yields "."
path("..").filename();                  // yields ".."

std::cout << path("/foo/bar.txt").stem();       // outputs "bar"
path p = "foo.bar.baz.tar";
for (; !p.extension().empty(); p = p.stem())
  std::cout << p.extension() << '\n';
  // outputs: .tar
  //          .baz
  //          .bar

path("/foo/bar.txt").extension();       // yields ".txt" and stem() is "bar"
path("/foo/bar").extension();           // yields "" and stem() is "bar"
path("/foo/.profile").extension();      // yields "" and stem() is ".profile"
path(".bar").extension();               // yields "" and stem() is ".bar"
path("..bar").extension();              // yields ".bar" and stem() is "."

assert(path("foo/./bar/..").lexically_normal() == "foo/");
assert(path("foo/.///bar/../").lexically_normal() == "foo/");

auto [a, b] = mismatch(begin(), end(), base.begin(), base.end());

assert(path("/a/d").lexically_relative("/a/b/c") == "../../d");
assert(path("/a/b/c").lexically_relative("/a/d") == "../b/c");
assert(path("a/b/c").lexically_relative("a") == "b/c");
assert(path("a/b/c").lexically_relative("a/b/c/x/y") == "../..");
assert(path("a/b/c").lexically_relative("a/b/c") == ".");
assert(path("a/b").lexically_relative("c/d") == "../../a/b");

basic_string<charT, traits> tmp;
is >> quoted(tmp);
p = tmp;

29.11.8 Class filesystem_­error [fs.class.filesystem.error]

namespace std::filesystem {
  class filesystem_error : public system_error {
  public:
    filesystem_error(const string& what_arg, error_code ec);
    filesystem_error(const string& what_arg,
                     const path& p1, error_code ec);
    filesystem_error(const string& what_arg,
                     const path& p1, const path& p2, error_code ec);

    const path& path1() const noexcept;
    const path& path2() const noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
  };
}

29.11.9 Enumerations [fs.enum]

29.11.10 Class file_­status [fs.class.file.status]

namespace std::filesystem {
  class file_status {
  public:
    // [fs.file.status.cons], constructors and destructor
    file_status() noexcept : file_status(file_type::none) {}
    explicit file_status(file_type ft,
                         perms prms = perms::unknown) noexcept;
    file_status(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
    file_status(file_status&&) noexcept = default;
    ~file_status();

    // assignments
    file_status& operator=(const file_status&) noexcept = default;
    file_status& operator=(file_status&&) noexcept = default;

    // [fs.file.status.mods], modifiers
    void       type(file_type ft) noexcept;
    void       permissions(perms prms) noexcept;

    // [fs.file.status.obs], observers
    file_type  type() const noexcept;
    perms      permissions() const noexcept;

    friend bool operator==(const file_status& lhs, const file_status& rhs) noexcept
      { return lhs.type() == rhs.type() && lhs.permissions() == rhs.permissions(); }
  };
}

29.11.11 Class directory_­entry [fs.class.directory.entry]

namespace std::filesystem {
  class directory_entry {
  public:
    // [fs.dir.entry.cons], constructors and destructor
    directory_entry() noexcept = default;
    directory_entry(const directory_entry&) = default;
    directory_entry(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;
    explicit directory_entry(const filesystem::path& p);
    directory_entry(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
    ~directory_entry();

    // assignments
    directory_entry& operator=(const directory_entry&) = default;
    directory_entry& operator=(directory_entry&&) noexcept = default;

    // [fs.dir.entry.mods], modifiers
    void assign(const filesystem::path& p);
    void assign(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
    void replace_filename(const filesystem::path& p);
    void replace_filename(const filesystem::path& p, error_code& ec);
    void refresh();
    void refresh(error_code& ec) noexcept;

    // [fs.dir.entry.obs], observers
    const filesystem::path& path() const noexcept;
    operator const filesystem::path&() const noexcept;
    bool exists() const;
    bool exists(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_block_file() const;
    bool is_block_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_character_file() const;
    bool is_character_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_directory() const;
    bool is_directory(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_fifo() const;
    bool is_fifo(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_other() const;
    bool is_other(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_regular_file() const;
    bool is_regular_file(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_socket() const;
    bool is_socket(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    bool is_symlink() const;
    bool is_symlink(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    uintmax_t file_size() const;
    uintmax_t file_size(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    uintmax_t hard_link_count() const;
    uintmax_t hard_link_count(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    file_time_type last_write_time() const;
    file_time_type last_write_time(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    file_status status() const;
    file_status status(error_code& ec) const noexcept;
    file_status symlink_status() const;
    file_status symlink_status(error_code& ec) const noexcept;

    bool operator==(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;
    strong_ordering operator<=>(const directory_entry& rhs) const noexcept;

  private:
    filesystem::path pathobject;        // exposition only
    friend class directory_iterator;    // exposition only
  };
}