29 Input/output library [input.output]

29.1 General [input.output.general]

1
#
This Clause describes components that C++ programs may use to perform input/output operations.
2
#
The following subclauses describe requirements for stream parameters, and components for forward declarations of iostreams, predefined iostreams objects, base iostreams classes, stream buffering, stream formatting and manipulators, string streams, and file streams, as summarized in Table 115.
Table 115: Input/output library summary   [tab:iostreams.summary]
Subclause
Header
Requirements
Forward declarations
<iosfwd>
Standard iostream objects
<iostream>
Iostreams base classes
<ios>
Stream buffers
<streambuf>
Formatting and manipulators
<iomanip>, <istream>, <ostream>
String streams
<sstream>
File streams
<fstream>
Synchronized output streams
<syncstream>
File systems
<filesystem>
C library files
<cstdio>, <cinttypes>
3
#
[ Note
:
Figure 7 illustrates relationships among various types described in this clause.
A line from A to B indicates that A is an alias (e.g., a typedef) for B or that A is defined in terms of B.
figstreampos traits_pos_type_char char_traits<char> ::pos_type streampos streampos traits_pos_type_char->streampos iostreams.limits.pos traits_pos_type_wchar_t char_traits<wchar_t> ::pos_type wstreampos wstreampos traits_pos_type_wchar_t->wstreampos iostreams.limits.pos fpos fpos<mbstate_t> streampos->fpos iostream.forward wstreampos->fpos iostream.forward traits_off_type_char char_traits<char> ::off_type streamoff streamoff traits_off_type_char->streamoff iostreams.limits.pos traits_off_type_wchar_t char_traits<wchar_t> ::off_type traits_off_type_wchar_t->streamoff iostreams.limits.pos streamoff_type signed integer type sufficient for O/S maximum file size streamoff->streamoff_type stream.types streamsize streamsize streamsize_type signed integer type represents characters xfered or buffer sizes streamsize->streamsize_type stream.types
Figure 7: Stream position, offset, and size types  [fig:iostreams.streampos]
— end note
 ]

29.2 Iostreams requirements [iostreams.requirements]

29.2.1 Imbue limitations [iostream.limits.imbue]

1
#
No function described in [input.output] except for ios_­base​::​imbue and basic_­filebuf​::​pubimbue causes any instance of basic_­ios​::​imbue or basic_­streambuf​::​imbue to be called.
If any user function called from a function declared in [input.output] or as an overriding virtual function of any class declared in [input.output] calls imbue, the behavior is undefined.

29.2.2 Positioning type limitations [iostreams.limits.pos]

1
#
The classes of [input.output] with template arguments charT and traits behave as described if traits​::​pos_­type and traits​::​off_­type are streampos and streamoff respectively.
Except as noted explicitly below, their behavior when traits​::​pos_­type and traits​::​off_­type are other types is implementation-defined.
2
#
In the classes of [input.output], a template parameter with name charT represents a member of the set of types containing char, wchar_­t, and any other implementation-defined character types that meet the requirements for a character on which any of the iostream components can be instantiated.

29.2.3 Thread safety [iostreams.threadsafety]

1
#
Concurrent access to a stream object ([string.streams], [file.streams]), stream buffer object ([stream.buffers]), or C Library stream ([c.files]) by multiple threads may result in a data race ([intro.multithread]) unless otherwise specified ([iostream.objects]).
[ Note
:
Data races result in undefined behavior ([intro.multithread]).
— end note
 ]
2
#
If one thread makes a library call a that writes a value to a stream and, as a result, another thread reads this value from the stream through a library call b such that this does not result in a data race, then a's write synchronizes with b's read.

29.3 Forward declarations [iostream.forward]

29.3.1 Header <iosfwd> synopsis [iosfwd.syn]

namespace std {
  template<class charT> struct char_traits;
  template<> struct char_traits<char>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char8_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char16_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char32_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<wchar_t>;

  template<class T> class allocator;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_ios;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_streambuf;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_istream;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_ostream;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_iostream;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_stringbuf;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_istringstream;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_ostringstream;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_stringstream;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_filebuf;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_ifstream;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_ofstream;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_fstream;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_syncbuf;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_osyncstream;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class istreambuf_iterator;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class ostreambuf_iterator;

  using ios  = basic_ios<char>;
  using wios = basic_ios<wchar_t>;

  using streambuf = basic_streambuf<char>;
  using istream   = basic_istream<char>;
  using ostream   = basic_ostream<char>;
  using iostream  = basic_iostream<char>;

  using stringbuf     = basic_stringbuf<char>;
  using istringstream = basic_istringstream<char>;
  using ostringstream = basic_ostringstream<char>;
  using stringstream  = basic_stringstream<char>;

  using filebuf  = basic_filebuf<char>;
  using ifstream = basic_ifstream<char>;
  using ofstream = basic_ofstream<char>;
  using fstream  = basic_fstream<char>;

  using syncbuf = basic_syncbuf<char>;
  using osyncstream = basic_osyncstream<char>;

  using wstreambuf = basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
  using wistream   = basic_istream<wchar_t>;
  using wostream   = basic_ostream<wchar_t>;
  using wiostream  = basic_iostream<wchar_t>;

  using wstringbuf     = basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>;
  using wistringstream = basic_istringstream<wchar_t>;
  using wostringstream = basic_ostringstream<wchar_t>;
  using wstringstream  = basic_stringstream<wchar_t>;

  using wfilebuf  = basic_filebuf<wchar_t>;
  using wifstream = basic_ifstream<wchar_t>;
  using wofstream = basic_ofstream<wchar_t>;
  using wfstream  = basic_fstream<wchar_t>;

  using wsyncbuf = basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>;
  using wosyncstream = basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>;

  template<class state> class fpos;
  using streampos  = fpos<char_traits<char>::state_type>;
  using wstreampos = fpos<char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type>;
  using u8streampos = fpos<char_traits<char8_t>::state_type>;
  using u16streampos = fpos<char_traits<char16_t>::state_type>;
  using u32streampos = fpos<char_traits<char32_t>::state_type>;
}
1
#
Default template arguments are described as appearing both in <iosfwd> and in the synopsis of other headers but it is well-formed to include both <iosfwd> and one or more of the other headers.283
283)
It is the implementation's responsibility to implement headers so that including <iosfwd> and other headers does not violate the rules about multiple occurrences of default arguments.
⮥

29.3.2 Overview [iostream.forward.overview]

1
#
The class template specialization basic_­ios<charT, traits> serves as a virtual base class for the class templates basic_­istream, basic_­ostream, and class templates derived from them.
basic_­iostream is a class template derived from both basic_­istream<charT, traits> and basic_­ostream<charT, traits>.
2
#
The class template specialization basic_­streambuf<charT, traits> serves as a base class for class templates basic_­stringbuf, basic_­filebuf, and basic_­syncbuf.
3
#
The class template specialization basic_­istream<charT, traits> serves as a base class for class templates basic_­istringstream and basic_­ifstream.
4
#
The class template specialization basic_­ostream<charT, traits> serves as a base class for class templates basic_­ostringstream, basic_­ofstream, and basic_­osyncstream.
5
#
The class template specialization basic_­iostream<charT, traits> serves as a base class for class templates basic_­stringstream and basic_­fstream.
6
#
[ Note
:
For each of the class templates above, the program is ill-formed if traits​::​char_­type is not the same type as charT ([char.traits]).
— end note
 ]
7
#
Other typedef-names define instances of class templates specialized for char or wchar_­t types.
8
#
Specializations of the class template fpos are used for specifying file position information.
[ Example
:
The types streampos and wstreampos are used for positioning streams specialized on char and wchar_­t respectively.
— end example
 ]
9
#
[ Note
:
This synopsis suggests a circularity between streampos and char_­traits<char>.
An implementation can avoid this circularity by substituting equivalent types.
— end note
 ]

29.4 Standard iostream objects [iostream.objects]

29.4.1 Header <iostream> synopsis [iostream.syn]

#include <ios>          // see [ios.syn]
#include <streambuf>    // see [streambuf.syn]
#include <istream>      // see [istream.syn]
#include <ostream>      // see [ostream.syn]

namespace std {
  extern istream cin;
  extern ostream cout;
  extern ostream cerr;
  extern ostream clog;

  extern wistream wcin;
  extern wostream wcout;
  extern wostream wcerr;
  extern wostream wclog;
}

29.4.2 Overview [iostream.objects.overview]

1
#
In this Clause, the type name FILE refers to the type FILE declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
2
#
The header <iostream> declares objects that associate objects with the standard C streams provided for by the functions declared in <cstdio>, and includes all the headers necessary to use these objects.
3
#
The objects are constructed and the associations are established at some time prior to or during the first time an object of class ios_­base​::​Init is constructed, and in any case before the body of main begins execution.284
The objects are not destroyed during program execution.285
The results of including <iostream> in a translation unit shall be as if <iostream> defined an instance of ios_­base​::​Init with static storage duration.
4
#
Mixing operations on corresponding wide- and narrow-character streams follows the same semantics as mixing such operations on FILEs, as specified in the C standard library.
5
#
Concurrent access to a synchronized ([ios.members.static]) standard iostream object's formatted and unformatted input ([istream]) and output ([ostream]) functions or a standard C stream by multiple threads does not result in a data race ([intro.multithread]).
[ Note
:
Users must still synchronize concurrent use of these objects and streams by multiple threads if they wish to avoid interleaved characters.
— end note
 ]
See also: ISO C 7.21.2
284)
If it is possible for them to do so, implementations should initialize the objects earlier than required.
⮥
285)
Constructors and destructors for objects with static storage duration can access these objects to read input from stdin or write output to stdout or stderr.
⮥

29.4.3 Narrow stream objects [narrow.stream.objects]

🔗
istream cin;
1
#
The object cin controls input from a stream buffer associated with the object stdin, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
2
#
After the object cin is initialized, cin.tie() returns &cout.
Its state is otherwise the same as required for basic_­ios<char>​::​init.
🔗
ostream cout;
3
#
The object cout controls output to a stream buffer associated with the object stdout, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
🔗
ostream cerr;
4
#
The object cerr controls output to a stream buffer associated with the object stderr, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
5
#
After the object cerr is initialized, cerr.flags() & unitbuf is nonzero and cerr.tie() returns &cout.
Its state is otherwise the same as required for basic_­ios<char>​::​init.
🔗
ostream clog;
6
#
The object clog controls output to a stream buffer associated with the object stderr, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).

29.4.4 Wide stream objects [wide.stream.objects]

🔗
wistream wcin;
1
#
The object wcin controls input from a stream buffer associated with the object stdin, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
2
#
After the object wcin is initialized, wcin.tie() returns &wcout.
Its state is otherwise the same as required for basic_­ios<wchar_­t>​::​init.
🔗
wostream wcout;
3
#
The object wcout controls output to a stream buffer associated with the object stdout, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
🔗
wostream wcerr;
4
#
The object wcerr controls output to a stream buffer associated with the object stderr, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
5
#
After the object wcerr is initialized, wcerr.flags() & unitbuf is nonzero and wcerr.tie() returns &wcout.
Its state is otherwise the same as required for basic_­ios<wchar_­t>​::​init.
🔗
wostream wclog;
6
#
The object wclog controls output to a stream buffer associated with the object stderr, declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).

29.5 Iostreams base classes [iostreams.base]

29.5.1 Header <ios> synopsis [ios.syn]

#include <iosfwd>   // see [iosfwd.syn]

namespace std {
  using streamoff  = implementation-defined;
  using streamsize = implementation-defined;
  template<class stateT> class fpos;

  class ios_base;
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_ios;

  // [std.ios.manip], manipulators
  ios_base& boolalpha  (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& noboolalpha(ios_base& str);

  ios_base& showbase   (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& noshowbase (ios_base& str);

  ios_base& showpoint  (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& noshowpoint(ios_base& str);

  ios_base& showpos    (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& noshowpos  (ios_base& str);

  ios_base& skipws     (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& noskipws   (ios_base& str);

  ios_base& uppercase  (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& nouppercase(ios_base& str);

  ios_base& unitbuf    (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& nounitbuf  (ios_base& str);

  // [adjustfield.manip], adjustfield
  ios_base& internal   (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& left       (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& right      (ios_base& str);

  // [basefield.manip], basefield
  ios_base& dec        (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& hex        (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& oct        (ios_base& str);

  // [floatfield.manip], floatfield
  ios_base& fixed      (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& scientific (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& hexfloat   (ios_base& str);
  ios_base& defaultfloat(ios_base& str);

  // [error.reporting], error reporting
  enum class io_errc {
    stream = 1
  };

  template<> struct is_error_code_enum<io_errc> : public true_type { };
  error_code make_error_code(io_errc e) noexcept;
  error_condition make_error_condition(io_errc e) noexcept;
  const error_category& iostream_category() noexcept;
}

29.5.2 Types [stream.types]

🔗
using streamoff = implementation-defined;
1
#
The type streamoff is a synonym for one of the signed basic integral types of sufficient size to represent the maximum possible file size for the operating system.286
🔗
using streamsize = implementation-defined;
2
#
The type streamsize is a synonym for one of the signed basic integral types.
It is used to represent the number of characters transferred in an I/O operation, or the size of I/O buffers.287
286)
Typically long long.
⮥
287)
streamsize is used in most places where ISO C would use size_­t.
⮥

29.5.3 Class ios_­base [ios.base]

namespace std {
  class ios_base {
  public:
    class failure;              // see below

    // [ios.fmtflags], fmtflags
    using fmtflags = T1;
    static constexpr fmtflags boolalpha = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags dec = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags fixed = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags hex = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags internal = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags left = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags oct = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags right = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags scientific = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags showbase = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags showpoint = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags showpos = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags skipws = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags unitbuf = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags uppercase = unspecified;
    static constexpr fmtflags adjustfield = see below;
    static constexpr fmtflags basefield = see below;
    static constexpr fmtflags floatfield = see below;

    // [ios.iostate], iostate
    using iostate = T2;
    static constexpr iostate badbit = unspecified;
    static constexpr iostate eofbit = unspecified;
    static constexpr iostate failbit = unspecified;
    static constexpr iostate goodbit = see below;

    // [ios.openmode], openmode
    using openmode = T3;
    static constexpr openmode app = unspecified;
    static constexpr openmode ate = unspecified;
    static constexpr openmode binary = unspecified;
    static constexpr openmode in = unspecified;
    static constexpr openmode out = unspecified;
    static constexpr openmode trunc = unspecified;

    // [ios.seekdir], seekdir
    using seekdir = T4;
    static constexpr seekdir beg = unspecified;
    static constexpr seekdir cur = unspecified;
    static constexpr seekdir end = unspecified;

    class Init;

    // [fmtflags.state], fmtflags state
    fmtflags flags() const;
    fmtflags flags(fmtflags fmtfl);
    fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl);
    fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl, fmtflags mask);
    void unsetf(fmtflags mask);

    streamsize precision() const;
    streamsize precision(streamsize prec);
    streamsize width() const;
    streamsize width(streamsize wide);

    // [ios.base.locales], locales
    locale imbue(const locale& loc);
    locale getloc() const;

    // [ios.base.storage], storage
    static int xalloc();
    long&  iword(int idx);
    void*& pword(int idx);

    // destructor
    virtual ~ios_base();

    // [ios.base.callback], callbacks
    enum event { erase_event, imbue_event, copyfmt_event };
    using event_callback = void (*)(event, ios_base&, int idx);
    void register_callback(event_callback fn, int idx);

    ios_base(const ios_base&) = delete;
    ios_base& operator=(const ios_base&) = delete;

    static bool sync_with_stdio(bool sync = true);

  protected:
    ios_base();

  private:
    static int index;           // exposition only
    long*  iarray;              // exposition only
    void** parray;              // exposition only
  };
}
1
#
ios_­base defines several member types:
  • (1.1)
    a type failure, defined as either a class derived from system_­error or a synonym for a class derived from system_­error;
  • (1.2)
    a class Init;
  • (1.3)
    three bitmask types, fmtflags, iostate, and openmode;
  • (1.4)
    an enumerated type, seekdir.
2
#
It maintains several kinds of data:
  • (2.1)
    state information that reflects the integrity of the stream buffer;
  • (2.2)
    control information that influences how to interpret (format) input sequences and how to generate (format) output sequences;
  • (2.3)
    additional information that is stored by the program for its private use.
3
#
[ Note
:
For the sake of exposition, the maintained data is presented here as:
  • (3.1)
    static int index, specifies the next available unique index for the integer or pointer arrays maintained for the private use of the program, initialized to an unspecified value;
  • (3.2)
    long* iarray, points to the first element of an arbitrary-length long array maintained for the private use of the program;
  • (3.3)
    void** parray, points to the first element of an arbitrary-length pointer array maintained for the private use of the program.
— end note
 ]

29.5.3.1 Types [ios.types]

29.5.3.1.1 Class ios_­base​::​failure [ios.failure]

namespace std {
  class ios_base::failure : public system_error {
  public:
    explicit failure(const string& msg, const error_code& ec = io_errc::stream);
    explicit failure(const char* msg, const error_code& ec = io_errc::stream);
  };
}
1
#
An implementation is permitted to define ios_­base​::​failure as a synonym for a class with equivalent functionality to class ios_­base​::​failure shown in this subclause.
[ Note
:
When ios_­base​::​failure is a synonym for another type, that type is required to provide a nested type failure to emulate the injected-class-name.
— end note
 ]
The class failure defines the base class for the types of all objects thrown as exceptions, by functions in the iostreams library, to report errors detected during stream buffer operations.
2
#
When throwing ios_­base​::​failure exceptions, implementations should provide values of ec that identify the specific reason for the failure.
[ Note
:
Errors arising from the operating system would typically be reported as system_­category() errors with an error value of the error number reported by the operating system.
Errors arising from within the stream library would typically be reported as error_­code(io_­errc​::​stream, iostream_­category()).
— end note
 ]
🔗
explicit failure(const string& msg, const error_code& ec = io_errc::stream);
3
#
Effects: Constructs the base class with msg and ec.
🔗
explicit failure(const char* msg, const error_code& ec = io_errc::stream);
4
#
Effects: Constructs the base class with msg and ec.

29.5.3.1.2 Type ios_­base​::​fmtflags [ios.fmtflags]

🔗
using fmtflags = T1;
1
#
The type fmtflags is a bitmask type ([bitmask.types]).
Setting its elements has the effects indicated in Table 116.
Table 116: fmtflags effects   [tab:ios.fmtflags]
Element
Effect(s) if set
boolalpha
insert and extract bool type in alphabetic format
dec
converts integer input or generates integer output in decimal base
fixed
generate floating-point output in fixed-point notation
hex
converts integer input or generates integer output in hexadecimal base
internal
adds fill characters at a designated internal point in certain generated output, or identical to right if no such point is designated
left
adds fill characters on the right (final positions) of certain generated output
oct
converts integer input or generates integer output in octal base
right
adds fill characters on the left (initial positions) of certain generated output
scientific
generates floating-point output in scientific notation
showbase
generates a prefix indicating the numeric base of generated integer output
showpoint
generates a decimal-point character unconditionally in generated floating-point output
showpos
generates a + sign in non-negative generated numeric output
skipws
skips leading whitespace before certain input operations
unitbuf
flushes output after each output operation
uppercase
replaces certain lowercase letters with their uppercase equivalents in generated output
2
#
Type fmtflags also defines the constants indicated in Table 117.
Table 117: fmtflags constants   [tab:ios.fmtflags.const]
Constant
Allowable values
adjustfield
left | right | internal
basefield
dec | oct | hex
floatfield
scientific | fixed

29.5.3.1.3 Type ios_­base​::​iostate [ios.iostate]

🔗
using iostate = T2;
1
#
The type iostate is a bitmask type ([bitmask.types]) that contains the elements indicated in Table 118.
Table 118: iostate effects   [tab:ios.iostate]
Element
Effect(s) if set
badbit
indicates a loss of integrity in an input or output sequence (such as an irrecoverable read error from a file);
eofbit
indicates that an input operation reached the end of an input sequence;
failbit
indicates that an input operation failed to read the expected characters, or that an output operation failed to generate the desired characters.
2
#
Type iostate also defines the constant:

29.5.3.1.4 Type ios_­base​::​openmode [ios.openmode]

🔗
using openmode = T3;
1
#
The type openmode is a bitmask type ([bitmask.types]).
It contains the elements indicated in Table 119.
Table 119: openmode effects   [tab:ios.openmode]
Element
Effect(s) if set
app
seek to end before each write
ate
open and seek to end immediately after opening
binary
perform input and output in binary mode (as opposed to text mode)
in
open for input
out
open for output
trunc
truncate an existing stream when opening

29.5.3.1.5 Type ios_­base​::​seekdir [ios.seekdir]

🔗
using seekdir = T4;
1
#
The type seekdir is an enumerated type ([enumerated.types]) that contains the elements indicated in Table 120.
Table 120: seekdir effects   [tab:ios.seekdir]
Element
Meaning
beg
request a seek (for subsequent input or output) relative to the beginning of the stream
cur
request a seek relative to the current position within the sequence
end
request a seek relative to the current end of the sequence

29.5.3.1.6 Class ios_­base​::​Init [ios.init]

namespace std {
  class ios_base::Init {
  public:
    Init();
    Init(const Init&) = default;
    ~Init();
    Init& operator=(const Init&) = default;
  private:
    static int init_cnt;        // exposition only
  };
}
1
#
The class Init describes an object whose construction ensures the construction of the eight objects declared in <iostream> ([iostream.objects]) that associate file stream buffers with the standard C streams provided for by the functions declared in <cstdio> ([cstdio.syn]).
2
#
For the sake of exposition, the maintained data is presented here as:
  • (2.1)
    static int init_­cnt, counts the number of constructor and destructor calls for class Init, initialized to zero.
🔗
Init();
3
#
Effects: Constructs and initializes the objects cin, cout, cerr, clog, wcin, wcout, wcerr, and wclog if they have not already been constructed and initialized.
🔗
~Init();
4
#
Effects: If there are no other instances of the class still in existence, calls cout.flush(), cerr.flush(), clog.flush(), wcout.flush(), wcerr.flush(), wclog.flush().

29.5.3.2 State functions [fmtflags.state]

🔗
fmtflags flags() const;
1
#
Returns: The format control information for both input and output.
🔗
fmtflags flags(fmtflags fmtfl);
2
#
Postconditions: fmtfl == flags().
3
#
Returns: The previous value of flags().
🔗
fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl);
4
#
Effects: Sets fmtfl in flags().
5
#
Returns: The previous value of flags().
🔗
fmtflags setf(fmtflags fmtfl, fmtflags mask);
6
#
Effects: Clears mask in flags(), sets fmtfl & mask in flags().
7
#
Returns: The previous value of flags().
🔗
void unsetf(fmtflags mask);
8
#
Effects: Clears mask in flags().
🔗
streamsize precision() const;
9
#
Returns: The precision to generate on certain output conversions.
🔗
streamsize precision(streamsize prec);
10
#
Postconditions: prec == precision().
11
#
Returns: The previous value of precision().
🔗
streamsize width() const;
12
#
Returns: The minimum field width (number of characters) to generate on certain output conversions.
🔗
streamsize width(streamsize wide);
13
#
Postconditions: wide == width().
14
#
Returns: The previous value of width().

29.5.3.3 Functions [ios.base.locales]

🔗
locale imbue(const locale& loc);
1
#
Effects: Calls each registered callback pair (fn, idx) ([ios.base.callback]) as (*fn)(imbue_­event, *this, idx) at such a time that a call to ios_­base​::​getloc() from within fn returns the new locale value loc.
2
#
Postconditions: loc == getloc().
3
#
Returns: The previous value of getloc().
🔗
locale getloc() const;
4
#
Returns: If no locale has been imbued, a copy of the global C++ locale, locale(), in effect at the time of construction.
Otherwise, returns the imbued locale, to be used to perform locale-dependent input and output operations.

29.5.3.4 Static members [ios.members.static]

🔗
static bool sync_with_stdio(bool sync = true);
1
#
Returns: true if the previous state of the standard iostream objects was synchronized and otherwise returns false.
The first time it is called, the function returns true.
2
#
Effects: If any input or output operation has occurred using the standard streams prior to the call, the effect is implementation-defined.
Otherwise, called with a false argument, it allows the standard streams to operate independently of the standard C streams.
3
#
When a standard iostream object str is synchronized with a standard stdio stream f, the effect of inserting a character c by 
fputc(f, c);
is the same as the effect of 
str.rdbuf()->sputc(c);
for any sequences of characters; the effect of extracting a character c by 
c = fgetc(f);
is the same as the effect of 
c = str.rdbuf()->sbumpc();
for any sequences of characters; and the effect of pushing back a character c by 
ungetc(c, f);
is the same as the effect of 
str.rdbuf()->sputbackc(c);
for any sequence of characters.288
288)
This implies that operations on a standard iostream object can be mixed arbitrarily with operations on the corresponding stdio stream.
In practical terms, synchronization usually means that a standard iostream object and a standard stdio object share a buffer.
⮥

29.5.3.5 Storage functions [ios.base.storage]

🔗
static int xalloc();
1
#
Returns: index ++.
2
#
Remarks: Concurrent access to this function by multiple threads does not result in a data race.
🔗
long& iword(int idx);
3
#
Preconditions: idx is a value obtained by a call to xalloc.
4
#
Effects: If iarray is a null pointer, allocates an array of long of unspecified size and stores a pointer to its first element in iarray.
The function then extends the array pointed at by iarray as necessary to include the element iarray[idx].
Each newly allocated element of the array is initialized to zero.
The reference returned is invalid after any other operations on the object.289
However, the value of the storage referred to is retained, so that until the next call to copyfmt, calling iword with the same index yields another reference to the same value.
If the function fails290 and *this is a base class subobject of a basic_­ios<> object or subobject, the effect is equivalent to calling basic_­ios<>​::​setstate(badbit) on the derived object (which may throw failure).
5
#
Returns: On success iarray[idx].
On failure, a valid long& initialized to 0.
🔗
void*& pword(int idx);
6
#
Preconditions: idx is a value obtained by a call to xalloc.
7
#
Effects: If parray is a null pointer, allocates an array of pointers to void of unspecified size and stores a pointer to its first element in parray.
The function then extends the array pointed at by parray as necessary to include the element parray[idx].
Each newly allocated element of the array is initialized to a null pointer.
The reference returned is invalid after any other operations on the object.
However, the value of the storage referred to is retained, so that until the next call to copyfmt, calling pword with the same index yields another reference to the same value.
If the function fails291 and *this is a base class subobject of a basic_­ios<> object or subobject, the effect is equivalent to calling basic_­ios<>​::​setstate(badbit) on the derived object (which may throw failure).
8
#
Returns: On success parray[idx].
On failure a valid void*& initialized to 0.
9
#
Remarks: After a subsequent call to pword(int) for the same object, the earlier return value may no longer be valid.
289)
An implementation is free to implement both the integer array pointed at by iarray and the pointer array pointed at by parray as sparse data structures, possibly with a one-element cache for each.
⮥
290)
For example, because it cannot allocate space.
⮥
291)
For example, because it cannot allocate space.
⮥

29.5.3.6 Callbacks [ios.base.callback]

🔗
void register_callback(event_callback fn, int idx);
1
#
Preconditions: The function fn does not throw exceptions.
2
#
Effects: Registers the pair (fn, idx) such that during calls to imbue() ([ios.base.locales]), copyfmt(), or ~ios_­base() ([ios.base.cons]), the function fn is called with argument idx.
Functions registered are called when an event occurs, in opposite order of registration.
Functions registered while a callback function is active are not called until the next event.
3
#
Remarks: Identical pairs are not merged.
A function registered twice will be called twice.

29.5.3.7 Constructors and destructor [ios.base.cons]

🔗
ios_base();
1
#
Effects: Each ios_­base member has an indeterminate value after construction.
The object's members shall be initialized by calling basic_­ios​::​init before the object's first use or before it is destroyed, whichever comes first; otherwise the behavior is undefined.
🔗
~ios_base();
2
#
Effects: Calls each registered callback pair (fn, idx) ([ios.base.callback]) as (*fn)(​erase_­event, *this, idx) at such time that any ios_­base member function called from within fn has well-defined results.

29.5.4 Class template fpos [fpos]

namespace std {
  template<class stateT> class fpos {
  public:
    // [fpos.members], members
    stateT state() const;
    void state(stateT);
  private;
    stateT st;                  // exposition only
  };
}

29.5.4.1 Members [fpos.members]

🔗
void state(stateT s);
1
#
Effects: Assigns s to st.
🔗
stateT state() const;
2
#
Returns: Current value of st.

29.5.4.2 Requirements [fpos.operations]

1
#
An fpos type specifies file position information.
It holds a state object whose type is equal to the template parameter stateT.
Type stateT shall meet the Cpp17DefaultConstructible (Table 27), Cpp17CopyConstructible (Table 29), Cpp17CopyAssignable (Table 31), and Cpp17Destructible (Table 32) requirements.
If is_­trivially_­copy_­constructible_­v<stateT> is true, then fpos<stateT> has a trivial copy constructor.
If is_­trivially_­copy_­assignable<stateT> is true, then fpos<stateT> has a trivial copy assignment operator.
If is_­trivially_­destructible_­v<stateT> is true, then fpos<stateT> has a trivial destructor.
All specializations of fpos meet the Cpp17DefaultConstructible, Cpp17CopyConstructible, Cpp17CopyAssignable, Cpp17Destructible, and Cpp17EqualityComparable (Table 25) requirements.
In addition, the expressions shown in Table 121 are valid and have the indicated semantics.
In that table,
  • (1.1)
    P refers to an instance of fpos,
  • (1.2)
    p and q refer to values of type P or const P,
  • (1.3)
    pl and ql refer to modifiable lvalues of type P,
  • (1.4)
    O refers to type streamoff, and
  • (1.5)
    o refers to a value of type streamoff or const streamoff.
Table 121: Position type requirements   [tab:fpos.operations]
Expression
Return type
Operational
Assertion/note
semantics
pre-/post-condition
P(o)
P
converts from offset
Effects: Value-initializes the state object.
P p(o);
P p = o;
Effects: Value-initializes the state object.

Postconditions: p == P(o)
P()
P
P(0)
P p;
P p(0);
O(p)
streamoff
converts to offset
P(O(p)) == p
p != q
convertible to bool
!(p == q)
p + o
P
+ offset
Remarks: With ql = p + o;, then: ql - o == p
pl += o
P&
+= offset
Remarks: With ql = pl; before the +=, then: pl - o == ql
p - o
P
- offset
Remarks: With ql = p - o;, then: ql + o == p
pl -= o
P&
-= offset
Remarks: With ql = pl; before the -=, then: pl + o == ql
o + p
convertible to P
p + o
P(o + p) == p + o
p - q
streamoff
distance
p == q + (p - q)
2
#
Stream operations that return a value of type traits​::​pos_­type return P(O(-1)) as an invalid value to signal an error.
If this value is used as an argument to any istream, ostream, or streambuf member that accepts a value of type traits​::​pos_­type then the behavior of that function is undefined.

29.5.5 Class template basic_­ios [ios]

29.5.5.1 Overview [ios.overview]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_ios : public ios_base {
  public:
    using char_type   = charT;
    using int_type    = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type    = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type    = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type = traits;

    // [iostate.flags], flags functions
    explicit operator bool() const;
    bool operator!() const;
    iostate rdstate() const;
    void clear(iostate state = goodbit);
    void setstate(iostate state);
    bool good() const;
    bool eof()  const;
    bool fail() const;
    bool bad()  const;

    iostate exceptions() const;
    void exceptions(iostate except);

    // [basic.ios.cons], constructor/destructor
    explicit basic_ios(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
    virtual ~basic_ios();

    // [basic.ios.members], members
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>* tie() const;
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>* tie(basic_ostream<charT, traits>* tiestr);

    basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const;
    basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);

    basic_ios& copyfmt(const basic_ios& rhs);

    char_type fill() const;
    char_type fill(char_type ch);

    locale imbue(const locale& loc);

    char      narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const;
    char_type widen(char c) const;

    basic_ios(const basic_ios&) = delete;
    basic_ios& operator=(const basic_ios&) = delete;

  protected:
    basic_ios();
    void init(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
    void move(basic_ios& rhs);
    void move(basic_ios&& rhs);
    void swap(basic_ios& rhs) noexcept;
    void set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);

  };
}

29.5.5.2 Constructors [basic.ios.cons]

🔗
explicit basic_ios(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
1
#
Effects: Assigns initial values to its member objects by calling init(sb).
🔗
basic_ios();
2
#
Effects: Leaves its member objects uninitialized.
The object shall be initialized by calling basic_­ios​::​init before its first use or before it is destroyed, whichever comes first; otherwise the behavior is undefined.
🔗
~basic_ios();
3
#
Remarks: The destructor does not destroy rdbuf().
🔗
void init(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
4
#
Postconditions: The postconditions of this function are indicated in Table 122.
Table 122: basic_­ios​::​init() effects   [tab:basic.ios.cons]
Element
Value
rdbuf()
sb
tie()
0
rdstate()
goodbit if sb is not a null pointer, otherwise badbit.
exceptions()
goodbit
flags()
skipws | dec
width()
0
precision()
6
fill()
widen(' ')
getloc()
a copy of the value returned by locale()
iarray
a null pointer
parray
a null pointer

29.5.5.3 Member functions [basic.ios.members]

🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>* tie() const;
1
#
Returns: An output sequence that is tied to (synchronized with) the sequence controlled by the stream buffer.
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>* tie(basic_ostream<charT, traits>* tiestr);
2
#
Preconditions: If tiestr is not null, tiestr is not reachable by traversing the linked list of tied stream objects starting from tiestr->tie().
3
#
Postconditions: tiestr == tie().
4
#
Returns: The previous value of tie().
🔗
basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const;
5
#
Returns: A pointer to the streambuf associated with the stream.
🔗
basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
6
#
Effects: Calls clear().
7
#
Postconditions: sb == rdbuf().
8
#
Returns: The previous value of rdbuf().
🔗
locale imbue(const locale& loc);
9
#
Effects: Calls ios_­base​::​imbue(loc) and if rdbuf() != 0 then rdbuf()->pubimbue(loc).
10
#
Returns: The prior value of ios_­base​::​imbue().
🔗
char narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const;
11
#
Returns: use_­facet<ctype<char_­type>>(getloc()).narrow(c, dfault)
🔗
char_type widen(char c) const;
12
#
Returns: use_­facet<ctype<char_­type>>(getloc()).widen(c)
🔗
char_type fill() const;
13
#
Returns: The character used to pad (fill) an output conversion to the specified field width.
🔗
char_type fill(char_type fillch);
14
#
Postconditions: traits​::​eq(fillch, fill()).
15
#
Returns: The previous value of fill().
🔗
basic_ios& copyfmt(const basic_ios& rhs);
16
#
Effects: If (this == addressof(rhs)) is true does nothing.
Otherwise assigns to the member objects of *this the corresponding member objects of rhs as follows:
  • (16.1)
    calls each registered callback pair (fn, idx) as (*fn)(erase_­event, *this, idx);
  • (16.2)
    then, assigns to the member objects of *this the corresponding member objects of rhs, except that
    • (16.2.1)
      rdstate(), rdbuf(), and exceptions() are left unchanged;
    • (16.2.2)
      the contents of arrays pointed at by pword and iword are copied, not the pointers themselves;292 and
    • (16.2.3)
      if any newly stored pointer values in *this point at objects stored outside the object rhs and those objects are destroyed when rhs is destroyed, the newly stored pointer values are altered to point at newly constructed copies of the objects;
  • (16.3)
    then, calls each callback pair that was copied from rhs as (*fn)(copyfmt_­event, *this, idx);
  • (16.4)
    then, calls exceptions(rhs.exceptions()).
17
#
[ Note
:
The second pass through the callback pairs permits a copied pword value to be zeroed, or to have its referent deep copied or reference counted, or to have other special action taken.
— end note
 ]
18
#
Postconditions: The postconditions of this function are indicated in Table 123.
Table 123: basic_­ios​::​copyfmt() effects   [tab:basic.ios.copyfmt]
Element
Value
rdbuf()
unchanged
tie()
rhs.tie()
rdstate()
unchanged
exceptions()
rhs.exceptions()
flags()
rhs.flags()
width()
rhs.width()
precision()
rhs.precision()
fill()
rhs.fill()
getloc()
rhs.getloc()
19
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
void move(basic_ios& rhs); void move(basic_ios&& rhs);
20
#
Postconditions: *this has the state that rhs had before the function call, except that rdbuf() returns nullptr.
rhs is in a valid but unspecified state, except that rhs.rdbuf() returns the same value as it returned before the function call, and rhs.tie() returns nullptr.
🔗
void swap(basic_ios& rhs) noexcept;
21
#
Effects: The states of *this and rhs are exchanged, except that rdbuf() returns the same value as it returned before the function call, and rhs.rdbuf() returns the same value as it returned before the function call.
🔗
void set_rdbuf(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
22
#
Preconditions: sb != nullptr is true.
23
#
Effects: Associates the basic_­streambuf object pointed to by sb with this stream without calling clear().
24
#
Postconditions: rdbuf() == sb is true.
25
#
Throws: Nothing.
292)
This suggests an infinite amount of copying, but the implementation can keep track of the maximum element of the arrays that is nonzero.
⮥

29.5.5.4 Flags functions [iostate.flags]

🔗
explicit operator bool() const;
1
#
Returns: !fail().
🔗
bool operator!() const;
2
#
Returns: fail().
🔗
iostate rdstate() const;
3
#
Returns: The error state of the stream buffer.
🔗
void clear(iostate state = goodbit);
4
#
Postconditions: If rdbuf() != 0 then state == rdstate(); otherwise rdstate() == (state | ios_­base​::​badbit).
5
#
Effects: If ((state | (rdbuf() ? goodbit : badbit)) & exceptions()) == 0, returns.
Otherwise, the function throws an object of class ios_­base​::​failure ([ios.failure]), constructed with implementation-defined argument values.
🔗
void setstate(iostate state);
6
#
Effects: Calls clear(rdstate() | state) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([ios.failure])).
🔗
bool good() const;
7
#
Returns: rdstate() == 0
🔗
bool eof() const;
8
#
Returns: true if eofbit is set in rdstate().
🔗
bool fail() const;
9
#
Returns: true if failbit or badbit is set in rdstate().293
🔗
bool bad() const;
10
#
Returns: true if badbit is set in rdstate().
🔗
iostate exceptions() const;
11
#
Returns: A mask that determines what elements set in rdstate() cause exceptions to be thrown.
🔗
void exceptions(iostate except);
12
#
Postconditions: except == exceptions().
13
#
Effects: Calls clear(rdstate()).
293)
Checking badbit also for fail() is historical practice.
⮥

29.5.6 ios_­base manipulators [std.ios.manip]

29.5.6.1 fmtflags manipulators [fmtflags.manip]

1
#
Each function specified in this subclause is a designated addressable function ([namespace.std]).
🔗
ios_base& boolalpha(ios_base& str);
2
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​boolalpha).
3
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& noboolalpha(ios_base& str);
4
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​boolalpha).
5
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& showbase(ios_base& str);
6
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​showbase).
7
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& noshowbase(ios_base& str);
8
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​showbase).
9
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& showpoint(ios_base& str);
10
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​showpoint).
11
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& noshowpoint(ios_base& str);
12
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​showpoint).
13
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& showpos(ios_base& str);
14
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​showpos).
15
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& noshowpos(ios_base& str);
16
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​showpos).
17
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& skipws(ios_base& str);
18
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​skipws).
19
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& noskipws(ios_base& str);
20
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​skipws).
21
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& uppercase(ios_base& str);
22
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​uppercase).
23
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& nouppercase(ios_base& str);
24
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​uppercase).
25
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& unitbuf(ios_base& str);
26
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​unitbuf).
27
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& nounitbuf(ios_base& str);
28
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​unitbuf).
29
#
Returns: str.

29.5.6.2 adjustfield manipulators [adjustfield.manip]

1
#
Each function specified in this subclause is a designated addressable function ([namespace.std]).
🔗
ios_base& internal(ios_base& str);
2
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​internal, ios_­base​::​adjustfield).
3
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& left(ios_base& str);
4
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​left, ios_­base​::​adjustfield).
5
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& right(ios_base& str);
6
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​right, ios_­base​::​adjustfield).
7
#
Returns: str.

29.5.6.3 basefield manipulators [basefield.manip]

1
#
Each function specified in this subclause is a designated addressable function ([namespace.std]).
🔗
ios_base& dec(ios_base& str);
2
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​dec, ios_­base​::​basefield).
3
#
Returns: str294.
🔗
ios_base& hex(ios_base& str);
4
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​hex, ios_­base​::​basefield).
5
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& oct(ios_base& str);
6
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​oct, ios_­base​::​basefield).
7
#
Returns: str.
294)
The function signature dec(ios_­base&) can be called by the function signature basic_­ostream& stream​::​operator<<(ios_­base& (*)(ios_­base&)) to permit expressions of the form cout << dec to change the format flags stored in cout.
⮥

29.5.6.4 floatfield manipulators [floatfield.manip]

1
#
Each function specified in this subclause is a designated addressable function ([namespace.std]).
🔗
ios_base& fixed(ios_base& str);
2
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​fixed, ios_­base​::​floatfield).
3
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& scientific(ios_base& str);
4
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​scientific, ios_­base​::​floatfield).
5
#
Returns: str.
🔗
ios_base& hexfloat(ios_base& str);
6
#
Effects: Calls str.setf(ios_­base​::​fixed | ios_­base​::​scientific, ios_­base​::​floatfield).
7
#
Returns: str.
8
#
[ Note
:
The more obvious use of ios_­base​::​hex to specify hexadecimal floating-point format would change the meaning of existing well-defined programs.
C++ 2003 gives no meaning to the combination of fixed and scientific.
— end note
 ]
🔗
ios_base& defaultfloat(ios_base& str);
9
#
Effects: Calls str.unsetf(ios_­base​::​floatfield).
10
#
Returns: str.

29.5.7 Error reporting [error.reporting]

🔗
error_code make_error_code(io_errc e) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: error_­code(static_­cast<int>(e), iostream_­category()).
🔗
error_condition make_error_condition(io_errc e) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: error_­condition(static_­cast<int>(e), iostream_­category()).
🔗
const error_category& iostream_category() noexcept;
3
#
Returns: A reference to an object of a type derived from class error_­category.
4
#
The object's default_­error_­condition and equivalent virtual functions shall behave as specified for the class error_­category.
The object's name virtual function shall return a pointer to the string "iostream".

29.6 Stream buffers [stream.buffers]

29.6.1 Header <streambuf> synopsis [streambuf.syn]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_streambuf;
  using streambuf  = basic_streambuf<char>;
  using wstreambuf = basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
}
1
#
The header <streambuf> defines types that control input from and output to character sequences.

29.6.2 Stream buffer requirements [streambuf.reqts]

1
#
Stream buffers can impose various constraints on the sequences they control.
Some constraints are:
  • (1.1)
    The controlled input sequence can be not readable.
  • (1.2)
    The controlled output sequence can be not writable.
  • (1.3)
    The controlled sequences can be associated with the contents of other representations for character sequences, such as external files.
  • (1.4)
    The controlled sequences can support operations directly to or from associated sequences.
  • (1.5)
    The controlled sequences can impose limitations on how the program can read characters from a sequence, write characters to a sequence, put characters back into an input sequence, or alter the stream position.
2
#
Each sequence is characterized by three pointers which, if non-null, all point into the same charT array object.
The array object represents, at any moment, a (sub)sequence of characters from the sequence.
Operations performed on a sequence alter the values stored in these pointers, perform reads and writes directly to or from associated sequences, and alter “the stream position” and conversion state as needed to maintain this subsequence relationship.
The three pointers are:
  • (2.1)
    the beginning pointer, or lowest element address in the array (called xbeg here);
  • (2.2)
    the next pointer, or next element address that is a current candidate for reading or writing (called xnext here);
  • (2.3)
    the end pointer, or first element address beyond the end of the array (called xend here).
3
#
The following semantic constraints shall always apply for any set of three pointers for a sequence, using the pointer names given immediately above:
  • (3.1)
    If xnext is not a null pointer, then xbeg and xend shall also be non-null pointers into the same charT array, as described above; otherwise, xbeg and xend shall also be null.
  • (3.2)
    If xnext is not a null pointer and xnext < xend for an output sequence, then a write position is available. In this case, *xnext shall be assignable as the next element to write (to put, or to store a character value, into the sequence).
  • (3.3)
    If xnext is not a null pointer and xbeg < xnext for an input sequence, then a putback position is available. In this case, xnext[-1] shall have a defined value and is the next (preceding) element to store a character that is put back into the input sequence.
  • (3.4)
    If xnext is not a null pointer and xnext < xend for an input sequence, then a read position is available. In this case, *xnext shall have a defined value and is the next element to read (to get, or to obtain a character value, from the sequence).

29.6.3 Class template basic_­streambuf [streambuf]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_streambuf {
  public:
    using char_type   = charT;
    using int_type    = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type    = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type    = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type = traits;

    virtual ~basic_streambuf();

    // [streambuf.locales], locales
    locale   pubimbue(const locale& loc);
    locale   getloc() const;

    // [streambuf.buffer], buffer and positioning
    basic_streambuf* pubsetbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
    pos_type pubseekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
                        ios_base::openmode which
                          = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    pos_type pubseekpos(pos_type sp,
                        ios_base::openmode which
                          = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    int      pubsync();

    // get and put areas
    // [streambuf.pub.get], get area
    streamsize in_avail();
    int_type snextc();
    int_type sbumpc();
    int_type sgetc();
    streamsize sgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);

    // [streambuf.pub.pback], putback
    int_type sputbackc(char_type c);
    int_type sungetc();

    // [streambuf.pub.put], put area
    int_type   sputc(char_type c);
    streamsize sputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);

  protected:
    basic_streambuf();
    basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
    basic_streambuf& operator=(const basic_streambuf& rhs);

    void swap(basic_streambuf& rhs);

    // [streambuf.get.area], get area access
    char_type* eback() const;
    char_type* gptr()  const;
    char_type* egptr() const;
    void       gbump(int n);
    void       setg(char_type* gbeg, char_type* gnext, char_type* gend);

    // [streambuf.put.area], put area access
    char_type* pbase() const;
    char_type* pptr() const;
    char_type* epptr() const;
    void       pbump(int n);
    void       setp(char_type* pbeg, char_type* pend);

    // [streambuf.virtuals], virtual functions
    // [streambuf.virt.locales], locales
    virtual void imbue(const locale& loc);

    // [streambuf.virt.buffer], buffer management and positioning
    virtual basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
    virtual pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
                             ios_base::openmode which
                               = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    virtual pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
                             ios_base::openmode which
                               = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    virtual int      sync();

    // [streambuf.virt.get], get area
    virtual streamsize showmanyc();
    virtual streamsize xsgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
    virtual int_type   underflow();
    virtual int_type   uflow();

    // [streambuf.virt.pback], putback
    virtual int_type   pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof());

    // [streambuf.virt.put], put area
    virtual streamsize xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
    virtual int_type   overflow(int_type c = traits::eof());
  };
}
1
#
The class template basic_­streambuf serves as an abstract base class for deriving various stream buffers whose objects each control two character sequences:

29.6.3.1 Constructors [streambuf.cons]

🔗
basic_streambuf();
1
#
Effects: Initializes:295
  • (1.1)
    all pointer member objects to null pointers,
  • (1.2)
    the getloc() member to a copy the global locale, locale(), at the time of construction.
2
#
Remarks: Once the getloc() member is initialized, results of calling locale member functions, and of members of facets so obtained, can safely be cached until the next time the member imbue is called.
🔗
basic_streambuf(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
3
#
Postconditions:
  • (3.1)
    eback() == rhs.eback()
  • (3.2)
    gptr() == rhs.gptr()
  • (3.3)
    egptr() == rhs.egptr()
  • (3.4)
    pbase() == rhs.pbase()
  • (3.5)
    pptr() == rhs.pptr()
  • (3.6)
    epptr() == rhs.epptr()
  • (3.7)
    getloc() == rhs.getloc()
🔗
~basic_streambuf();
4
#
Effects: None.
295)
The default constructor is protected for class basic_­streambuf to assure that only objects for classes derived from this class may be constructed.
⮥

29.6.3.2 Public member functions [streambuf.members]

29.6.3.2.1 Locales [streambuf.locales]

🔗
locale pubimbue(const locale& loc);
1
#
Effects: Calls imbue(loc).
2
#
Postconditions: loc == getloc().
3
#
Returns: Previous value of getloc().
🔗
locale getloc() const;
4
#
Returns: If pubimbue() has ever been called, then the last value of loc supplied, otherwise the current global locale, locale(), in effect at the time of construction.
If called after pubimbue() has been called but before pubimbue has returned (i.e., from within the call of imbue()) then it returns the previous value.

29.6.3.2.2 Buffer management and positioning [streambuf.buffer]

🔗
basic_streambuf* pubsetbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
1
#
Returns: setbuf(s, n).
🔗
pos_type pubseekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
2
#
Returns: seekoff(off, way, which).
🔗
pos_type pubseekpos(pos_type sp, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
3
#
Returns: seekpos(sp, which).
🔗
int pubsync();
4
#
Returns: sync().

29.6.3.2.3 Get area [streambuf.pub.get]

🔗
streamsize in_avail();
1
#
Returns: If a read position is available, returns egptr() - gptr().
Otherwise returns showmanyc().
🔗
int_type snextc();
2
#
Effects: Calls sbumpc().
3
#
Returns: If that function returns traits​::​eof(), returns traits​::​eof().
Otherwise, returns sgetc().
🔗
int_type sbumpc();
4
#
Effects: If the input sequence read position is not available, returns uflow().
Otherwise, returns traits​::​to_­int_­type(*gptr()) and increments the next pointer for the input sequence.
🔗
int_type sgetc();
5
#
Returns: If the input sequence read position is not available, returns underflow().
Otherwise, returns traits​::​to_­int_­type(*gptr()).
🔗
streamsize sgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
6
#
Returns: xsgetn(s, n).

29.6.3.2.4 Putback [streambuf.pub.pback]

🔗
int_type sputbackc(char_type c);
1
#
Effects: If the input sequence putback position is not available, or if traits​::​eq(c, gptr()[-1]) is false, returns pbackfail(traits​::​to_­int_­type(c)).
Otherwise, decrements the next pointer for the input sequence and returns traits​::​to_­int_­type(*gptr()).
🔗
int_type sungetc();
2
#
Effects: If the input sequence putback position is not available, returns pbackfail().
Otherwise, decrements the next pointer for the input sequence and returns traits​::​to_­int_­type(*gptr()).

29.6.3.2.5 Put area [streambuf.pub.put]

🔗
int_type sputc(char_type c);
1
#
Effects: If the output sequence write position is not available, returns overflow(traits​::​to_­int_­type(c)).
Otherwise, stores c at the next pointer for the output sequence, increments the pointer, and returns traits​::​to_­int_­type(c).
🔗
streamsize sputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
2
#
Returns: xsputn(s, n).

29.6.3.3 Protected member functions [streambuf.protected]

29.6.3.3.1 Assignment [streambuf.assign]

🔗
basic_streambuf& operator=(const basic_streambuf& rhs);
1
#
Postconditions:
  • (1.1)
    eback() == rhs.eback()
  • (1.2)
    gptr() == rhs.gptr()
  • (1.3)
    egptr() == rhs.egptr()
  • (1.4)
    pbase() == rhs.pbase()
  • (1.5)
    pptr() == rhs.pptr()
  • (1.6)
    epptr() == rhs.epptr()
  • (1.7)
    getloc() == rhs.getloc()
2
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
void swap(basic_streambuf& rhs);
3
#
Effects: Swaps the data members of rhs and *this.

29.6.3.3.2 Get area access [streambuf.get.area]

🔗
char_type* eback() const;
1
#
Returns: The beginning pointer for the input sequence.
🔗
char_type* gptr() const;
2
#
Returns: The next pointer for the input sequence.
🔗
char_type* egptr() const;
3
#
Returns: The end pointer for the input sequence.
🔗
void gbump(int n);
4
#
Effects: Adds n to the next pointer for the input sequence.
🔗
void setg(char_type* gbeg, char_type* gnext, char_type* gend);
5
#
Postconditions: gbeg == eback(), gnext == gptr(), and gend == egptr() are all true.

29.6.3.3.3 Put area access [streambuf.put.area]

🔗
char_type* pbase() const;
1
#
Returns: The beginning pointer for the output sequence.
🔗
char_type* pptr() const;
2
#
Returns: The next pointer for the output sequence.
🔗
char_type* epptr() const;
3
#
Returns: The end pointer for the output sequence.
🔗
void pbump(int n);
4
#
Effects: Adds n to the next pointer for the output sequence.
🔗
void setp(char_type* pbeg, char_type* pend);
5
#
Postconditions: pbeg == pbase(), pbeg == pptr(), and pend == epptr() are all true.

29.6.3.4 Virtual functions [streambuf.virtuals]

29.6.3.4.1 Locales [streambuf.virt.locales]

🔗
void imbue(const locale&);
1
#
Effects: Change any translations based on locale.
2
#
Remarks: Allows the derived class to be informed of changes in locale at the time they occur.
Between invocations of this function a class derived from streambuf can safely cache results of calls to locale functions and to members of facets so obtained.
3
#
Default behavior: Does nothing.

29.6.3.4.2 Buffer management and positioning [streambuf.virt.buffer]

🔗
basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);
1
#
Effects: Influences stream buffering in a way that is defined separately for each class derived from basic_­streambuf in this Clause ([stringbuf.virtuals], [filebuf.virtuals]).
2
#
Default behavior: Does nothing.
Returns this.
🔗
pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
3
#
Effects: Alters the stream positions within one or more of the controlled sequences in a way that is defined separately for each class derived from basic_­streambuf in this Clause ([stringbuf.virtuals], [filebuf.virtuals]).
4
#
Default behavior: Returns pos_­type(off_­type(-1)).
🔗
pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
5
#
Effects: Alters the stream positions within one or more of the controlled sequences in a way that is defined separately for each class derived from basic_­streambuf in this Clause ([stringbuf], [filebuf]).
6
#
Default behavior: Returns pos_­type(off_­type(-1)).
🔗
int sync();
7
#
Effects: Synchronizes the controlled sequences with the arrays.
That is, if pbase() is non-null the characters between pbase() and pptr() are written to the controlled sequence.
The pointers may then be reset as appropriate.
8
#
Returns: -1 on failure.
What constitutes failure is determined by each derived class ([filebuf.virtuals]).
9
#
Default behavior: Returns zero.

29.6.3.4.3 Get area [streambuf.virt.get]

🔗
streamsize showmanyc();296
1
#
Returns: An estimate of the number of characters available in the sequence, or -1.
If it returns a positive value, then successive calls to underflow() will not return traits​::​eof() until at least that number of characters have been extracted from the stream.
If showmanyc() returns -1, then calls to underflow() or uflow() will fail.297
2
#
Default behavior: Returns zero.
3
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​eof().
🔗
streamsize xsgetn(char_type* s, streamsize n);
4
#
Effects: Assigns up to n characters to successive elements of the array whose first element is designated by s.
The characters assigned are read from the input sequence as if by repeated calls to sbumpc().
Assigning stops when either n characters have been assigned or a call to sbumpc() would return traits​::​eof().
5
#
Returns: The number of characters assigned.298
6
#
Remarks: Uses traits​::​eof().
🔗
int_type underflow();
7
#
Remarks: The public members of basic_­streambuf call this virtual function only if gptr() is null or gptr() >= egptr().
8
#
Returns: traits​::​to_­int_­type(c), where c is the first character of the pending sequence, without moving the input sequence position past it.
If the pending sequence is null then the function returns traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
9
#
The pending sequence of characters is defined as the concatenation of
  • (9.1)
    the empty sequence if gptr() is null, otherwise the characters in [gptr(), egptr()), followed by
  • (9.2)
    some (possibly empty) sequence of characters read from the input sequence.
10
#
The result character is the first character of the pending sequence if it is non-empty, otherwise the next character that would be read from the input sequence.
11
#
The backup sequence is the empty sequence if eback() is null, otherwise the characters in [eback(), gptr()).
12
#
Effects: The function sets up the gptr() and egptr() such that if the pending sequence is non-empty, then egptr() is non-null and the characters in [gptr(), egptr()) are the characters in the pending sequence, otherwise either gptr() is null or gptr() == egptr().
13
#
If eback() and gptr() are non-null then the function is not constrained as to their contents, but the “usual backup condition” is that either
  • (13.1)
    the backup sequence contains at least gptr() - eback() characters, in which case the characters in [eback(), gptr()) agree with the last gptr() - eback() characters of the backup sequence, or
  • (13.2)
    the characters in [gptr() - n, gptr()) agree with the backup sequence (where n is the length of the backup sequence).
14
#
Default behavior: Returns traits​::​eof().
🔗
int_type uflow();
15
#
Preconditions: The constraints are the same as for underflow(), except that the result character is transferred from the pending sequence to the backup sequence, and the pending sequence is not empty before the transfer.
16
#
Default behavior: Calls underflow().
If underflow() returns traits​::​eof(), returns traits​::​eof().
Otherwise, returns the value of traits​::​to_­int_­type(*gptr()) and increment the value of the next pointer for the input sequence.
17
#
Returns: traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
296)
The morphemes of showmanyc are “es-how-many-see”, not “show-manic”.
⮥
297)
underflow or uflow might fail by throwing an exception prematurely.
The intention is not only that the calls will not return eof() but that they will return “immediately”.
⮥
298)
Classes derived from basic_­streambuf can provide more efficient ways to implement xsgetn() and xsputn() by overriding these definitions from the base class.
⮥

29.6.3.4.4 Putback [streambuf.virt.pback]

🔗
int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof());
1
#
Remarks: The public functions of basic_­streambuf call this virtual function only when gptr() is null, gptr() == eback(), or traits​::​eq(traits​::​to_­char_­type(c), gptr()[-1]) returns false.
Other calls shall also satisfy that constraint.
The pending sequence is defined as for underflow(), with the modifications that
  • (1.1)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true, then the input sequence is backed up one character before the pending sequence is determined.
  • (1.2)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false, then c is prepended. Whether the input sequence is backed up or modified in any other way is unspecified.
2
#
Postconditions: On return, the constraints of gptr(), eback(), and pptr() are the same as for underflow().
3
#
Returns: traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
Failure may occur because the input sequence could not be backed up, or if for some other reason the pointers could not be set consistent with the constraints.
pbackfail() is called only when put back has really failed.
4
#
Returns some value other than traits​::​eof() to indicate success.
5
#
Default behavior: Returns traits​::​eof().

29.6.3.4.5 Put area [streambuf.virt.put]

🔗
streamsize xsputn(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
1
#
Effects: Writes up to n characters to the output sequence as if by repeated calls to sputc(c).
The characters written are obtained from successive elements of the array whose first element is designated by s.
Writing stops when either n characters have been written or a call to sputc(c) would return traits​::​eof().
It is unspecified whether the function calls overflow() when pptr() == epptr() becomes true or whether it achieves the same effects by other means.
2
#
Returns: The number of characters written.
🔗
int_type overflow(int_type c = traits::eof());
3
#
Effects: Consumes some initial subsequence of the characters of the pending sequence.
The pending sequence is defined as the concatenation of
  • (3.1)
    the empty sequence if pbase() is null, otherwise the pptr() - pbase() characters beginning at pbase(), followed by
  • (3.2)
    the empty sequence if traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true, otherwise the sequence consisting of c.
4
#
Remarks: The member functions sputc() and sputn() call this function in case that no room can be found in the put buffer enough to accommodate the argument character sequence.
5
#
Preconditions: Every overriding definition of this virtual function obeys the following constraints:
  • (5.1)
    The effect of consuming a character on the associated output sequence is specified.299
  • (5.2)
    Let r be the number of characters in the pending sequence not consumed. If r is nonzero then pbase() and pptr() are set so that: pptr() - pbase() == r and the r characters starting at pbase() are the associated output stream. In case r is zero (all characters of the pending sequence have been consumed) then either pbase() is set to nullptr, or pbase() and pptr() are both set to the same non-null value.
  • (5.3)
    The function may fail if either appending some character to the associated output stream fails or if it is unable to establish pbase() and pptr() according to the above rules.
6
#
Returns: traits​::​eof() or throws an exception if the function fails.
Otherwise, returns some value other than traits​::​eof() to indicate success.300
7
#
Default behavior: Returns traits​::​eof().
299)
That is, for each class derived from an instance of basic_­streambuf in this Clause ([stringbuf], [filebuf]), a specification of how consuming a character effects the associated output sequence is given.
There is no requirement on a program-defined class.
⮥
300)
Typically, overflow returns c to indicate success, except when traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true, in which case it returns traits​::​not_­eof(c).
⮥

29.7 Formatting and manipulators [iostream.format]

29.7.1 Header <istream> synopsis [istream.syn]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_istream;

  using istream  = basic_istream<char>;
  using wistream = basic_istream<wchar_t>;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_iostream;

  using iostream  = basic_iostream<char>;
  using wiostream = basic_iostream<wchar_t>;

  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& ws(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is);

  template<class charT, class traits, class T>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>&& is, T&& x);
}

29.7.2 Header <ostream> synopsis [ostream.syn]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
    class basic_ostream;

  using ostream  = basic_ostream<char>;
  using wostream = basic_ostream<wchar_t>;

  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& endl(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& ends(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& flush(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);

  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& emit_on_flush(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& noemit_on_flush(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& flush_emit(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);

  template<class charT, class traits, class T>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&& os, const T& x);
}

29.7.3 Header <iomanip> synopsis [iomanip.syn]

namespace std {
  // types T1, T2, ... are unspecified implementation types
  T1 resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags mask);
  T2 setiosflags  (ios_base::fmtflags mask);
  T3 setbase(int base);
  template<class charT> T4 setfill(charT c);
  T5 setprecision(int n);
  T6 setw(int n);
  template<class moneyT> T7 get_money(moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
  template<class moneyT> T8 put_money(const moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
  template<class charT> T9 get_time(struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
  template<class charT> T10 put_time(const struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);

  template<class charT>
    T11 quoted(const charT* s, charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\'));

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    T12 quoted(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s,
               charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\'));

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    T13 quoted(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s,
               charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\'));

  template<class charT, class traits>
    T14 quoted(basic_string_view<charT, traits> s,
               charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\'));
}

29.7.4 Input streams [input.streams]

1
#
The header <istream> defines two types and a function signature that control input from a stream buffer along with a function template that extracts from stream rvalues.

29.7.4.1 Class template basic_­istream [istream]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_istream : virtual public basic_ios<charT, traits> {
  public:
    // types (inherited from basic_­ios)
    using char_type   = charT;
    using int_type    = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type    = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type    = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type = traits;

    // [istream.cons], constructor/destructor
    explicit basic_istream(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
    virtual ~basic_istream();

    // [istream.sentry], prefix/suffix
    class sentry;

    // [istream.formatted], formatted input
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_istream<charT, traits>&));
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      operator>>(basic_ios<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT, traits>&));
    basic_istream<charT, traits>&
      operator>>(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));

    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(bool& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(short& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(unsigned short& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(int& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(unsigned int& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(long& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(unsigned long& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(long long& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(unsigned long long& n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(float& f);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(double& f);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(long double& f);

    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(void*& p);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>* sb);

    // [istream.unformatted], unformatted input
    streamsize gcount() const;
    int_type get();
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(char_type& c);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(char_type* s, streamsize n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>& sb);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>& sb, char_type delim);

    basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);

    basic_istream<charT, traits>& ignore(streamsize n = 1, int_type delim = traits::eof());
    int_type                      peek();
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& read    (char_type* s, streamsize n);
    streamsize                    readsome(char_type* s, streamsize n);

    basic_istream<charT, traits>& putback(char_type c);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& unget();
    int sync();

    pos_type tellg();
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& seekg(pos_type);
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& seekg(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);

  protected:
    // [istream.cons], copy/move constructor
    basic_istream(const basic_istream&) = delete;
    basic_istream(basic_istream&& rhs);

    // [istream.assign], assign and swap
    basic_istream& operator=(const basic_istream&) = delete;
    basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& rhs);
    void swap(basic_istream& rhs);
  };

  // [istream.extractors], character extraction templates
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>&, charT&);
  template<class traits>
    basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>&, unsigned char&);
  template<class traits>
    basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>&, signed char&);

  template<class charT, class traits, size_t N>
    basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>&, charT(&)[N]);
  template<class traits, size_t N>
    basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>&, unsigned char(&)[N]);
  template<class traits, size_t N>
    basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>&, signed char(&)[N]);
}
1
#
The class template basic_­istream defines a number of member function signatures that assist in reading and interpreting input from sequences controlled by a stream buffer.
2
#
Two groups of member function signatures share common properties: the formatted input functions (or extractors) and the unformatted input functions. Both groups of input functions are described as if they obtain (or extract) input characters by calling rdbuf()->sbumpc() or rdbuf()->sgetc().
They may use other public members of istream.
3
#
If rdbuf()->sbumpc() or rdbuf()->sgetc() returns traits​::​eof(), then the input function, except as explicitly noted otherwise, completes its actions and does setstate(eofbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]), before returning.
4
#
If one of these called functions throws an exception, then unless explicitly noted otherwise, the input function sets badbit in the error state.
If badbit is set in exceptions(), the input function rethrows the exception without completing its actions, otherwise it does not throw anything and proceeds as if the called function had returned a failure indication.

29.7.4.1.1 Constructors [istream.cons]

🔗
explicit basic_istream(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
1
#
Effects: Initializes the base class subobject with basic_­ios​::​init(sb) ([basic.ios.cons]).
2
#
Postconditions: gcount() == 0.
🔗
basic_istream(basic_istream&& rhs);
3
#
Effects: Default constructs the base class, copies the gcount() from rhs, calls basic_­ios<charT, traits>​::​move(rhs) to initialize the base class, and sets the gcount() for rhs to 0.
🔗
virtual ~basic_istream();
4
#
Remarks: Does not perform any operations of rdbuf().

29.7.4.1.2 Assignment and swap [istream.assign]

🔗
basic_istream& operator=(basic_istream&& rhs);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: swap(rhs).
2
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
void swap(basic_istream& rhs);
3
#
Effects: Calls basic_­ios<charT, traits>​::​swap(rhs).
Exchanges the values returned by gcount() and rhs.gcount().

29.7.4.1.3 Class basic_­istream​::​sentry [istream.sentry]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_istream<charT, traits>::sentry {
    bool ok_;                   // exposition only
  public:
    explicit sentry(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, bool noskipws = false);
    ~sentry();
    explicit operator bool() const { return ok_; }
    sentry(const sentry&) = delete;
    sentry& operator=(const sentry&) = delete;
  };
}
1
#
The class sentry defines a class that is responsible for doing exception safe prefix and suffix operations.
🔗
explicit sentry(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, bool noskipws = false);
2
#
Effects: If is.good() is false, calls is.setstate(failbit).
Otherwise, prepares for formatted or unformatted input.
First, if is.tie() is not a null pointer, the function calls is.tie()->flush() to synchronize the output sequence with any associated external C stream.
Except that this call can be suppressed if the put area of is.tie() is empty.
Further an implementation is allowed to defer the call to flush until a call of is.rdbuf()->underflow() occurs.
If no such call occurs before the sentry object is destroyed, the call to flush may be eliminated entirely.301
If noskipws is zero and is.flags() & ios_­base​::​skipws is nonzero, the function extracts and discards each character as long as the next available input character c is a whitespace character.
If is.rdbuf()->sbumpc() or is.rdbuf()->sgetc() returns traits​::​eof(), the function calls setstate(failbit | eofbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure).
3
#
Remarks: The constructor 
explicit sentry(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is, bool noskipws = false)
uses the currently imbued locale in is, to determine whether the next input character is whitespace or not.
4
#
To decide if the character c is a whitespace character, the constructor performs as if it executes the following code fragment: 
const ctype<charT>& ctype = use_facet<ctype<charT>>(is.getloc());
if (ctype.is(ctype.space, c) != 0)
  // c is a whitespace character.
5
#
If, after any preparation is completed, is.good() is true, ok_­ != false otherwise, ok_­ == false.
During preparation, the constructor may call setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags])).302
🔗
~sentry();
6
#
Effects: None.
🔗
explicit operator bool() const;
7
#
Returns: ok_­.
301)
This will be possible only in functions that are part of the library.
The semantics of the constructor used in user code is as specified.
⮥
302)
The sentry constructor and destructor can also perform additional implementation-dependent operations.
⮥

29.7.4.2 Formatted input functions [istream.formatted]

29.7.4.2.1 Common requirements [istream.formatted.reqmts]

1
#
Each formatted input function begins execution by constructing an object of class sentry with the noskipws (second) argument false.
If the sentry object returns true, when converted to a value of type bool, the function endeavors to obtain the requested input.
If an exception is thrown during input then ios_­base​::​badbit is turned on303 in *this's error state.
If (exceptions()&badbit) != 0 then the exception is rethrown.
In any case, the formatted input function destroys the sentry object.
If no exception has been thrown, it returns *this.
303)
This is done without causing an ios_­base​::​failure to be thrown.
⮥

29.7.4.2.2 Arithmetic extractors [istream.formatted.arithmetic]

🔗
operator>>(unsigned short& val); operator>>(unsigned int& val); operator>>(long& val); operator>>(unsigned long& val); operator>>(long long& val); operator>>(unsigned long long& val); operator>>(float& val); operator>>(double& val); operator>>(long double& val); operator>>(bool& val); operator>>(void*& val);
1
#
As in the case of the inserters, these extractors depend on the locale's num_­get<> object to perform parsing the input stream data.
These extractors behave as formatted input functions (as described in [istream.formatted.reqmts]).
After a sentry object is constructed, the conversion occurs as if performed by the following code fragment: 
using numget = num_get<charT, istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>;
iostate err = iostate::goodbit;
use_facet<numget>(loc).get(*this, 0, *this, err, val);
setstate(err);
In the above fragment, loc stands for the private member of the basic_­ios class.
[ Note
:
The first argument provides an object of the istreambuf_­iterator class which is an iterator pointed to an input stream.
It bypasses istreams and uses streambufs directly.
— end note
 ]
Class locale relies on this type as its interface to istream, so that it does not need to depend directly on istream.
🔗
operator>>(short& val);
2
#
The conversion occurs as if performed by the following code fragment (using the same notation as for the preceding code fragment): 
using numget = num_get<charT, istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>;
iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
long lval;
use_facet<numget>(loc).get(*this, 0, *this, err, lval);
if (lval < numeric_limits<short>::min()) {
  err |= ios_base::failbit;
  val = numeric_limits<short>::min();
} else if (numeric_limits<short>::max() < lval) {
  err |= ios_base::failbit;
  val = numeric_limits<short>::max();
}  else
  val = static_cast<short>(lval);
setstate(err);
🔗
operator>>(int& val);
3
#
The conversion occurs as if performed by the following code fragment (using the same notation as for the preceding code fragment): 
using numget = num_get<charT, istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>;
iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
long lval;
use_facet<numget>(loc).get(*this, 0, *this, err, lval);
if (lval < numeric_limits<int>::min()) {
  err |= ios_base::failbit;
  val = numeric_limits<int>::min();
} else if (numeric_limits<int>::max() < lval) {
  err |= ios_base::failbit;
  val = numeric_limits<int>::max();
}  else
  val = static_cast<int>(lval);
setstate(err);

29.7.4.2.3 basic_­istream​::​operator>> [istream.extractors]

🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_istream<charT, traits>&));
1
#
Effects: None.
This extractor does not behave as a formatted input function (as described in [istream.formatted.reqmts]).
2
#
Returns: pf(*this).304
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_ios<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT, traits>&));
3
#
Effects: Calls pf(*this).
This extractor does not behave as a formatted input function (as described in [istream.formatted.reqmts]).
4
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));
5
#
Effects: Calls pf(*this).305
This extractor does not behave as a formatted input function (as described in [istream.formatted.reqmts]).
6
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits, size_t N> basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& in, charT (&s)[N]); template<class traits, size_t N> basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>& in, unsigned char (&s)[N]); template<class traits, size_t N> basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>& in, signed char (&s)[N]);
7
#
Effects: Behaves like a formatted input member (as described in [istream.formatted.reqmts]) of in.
After a sentry object is constructed, operator>> extracts characters and stores them into s.
If width() is greater than zero, n is min(size_­t(width()), N).
Otherwise n is N.
n is the maximum number of characters stored.
8
#
Characters are extracted and stored until any of the following occurs:
  • (8.1)
    n-1 characters are stored;
  • (8.2)
    end of file occurs on the input sequence;
  • (8.3)
    letting ct be use_­facet<ctype<charT>>(in.getloc()), ct.is(ct.space, c) is true.
9
#
operator>> then stores a null byte (charT()) in the next position, which may be the first position if no characters were extracted.
operator>> then calls width(0).
10
#
If the function extracted no characters, it calls setstate(failbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags]).
11
#
Returns: in.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<charT, traits>& in, charT& c); template<class traits> basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>& in, unsigned char& c); template<class traits> basic_istream<char, traits>& operator>>(basic_istream<char, traits>& in, signed char& c);
12
#
Effects: Behaves like a formatted input member (as described in [istream.formatted.reqmts]) of in.
After a sentry object is constructed a character is extracted from in, if one is available, and stored in c.
Otherwise, the function calls in.setstate(failbit).
13
#
Returns: in.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& operator>>(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
14
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function.
If sb is null, calls setstate(failbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]).
After a sentry object is constructed, extracts characters from *this and inserts them in the output sequence controlled by sb.
Characters are extracted and inserted until any of the following occurs:
  • (14.1)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence;
  • (14.2)
    inserting in the output sequence fails (in which case the character to be inserted is not extracted);
  • (14.3)
    an exception occurs (in which case the exception is caught).
15
#
If the function inserts no characters, it calls setstate(failbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags]).
If it inserted no characters because it caught an exception thrown while extracting characters from *this and failbit is set in exceptions() ([iostate.flags]), then the caught exception is rethrown.
16
#
Returns: *this.
304)
See, for example, the function signature ws(basic_­istream&) ([istream.manip]).
⮥
305)
See, for example, the function signature dec(ios_­base&).
⮥

29.7.4.3 Unformatted input functions [istream.unformatted]

1
#
Each unformatted input function begins execution by constructing an object of class sentry with the default argument noskipws (second) argument true.
If the sentry object returns true, when converted to a value of type bool, the function endeavors to obtain the requested input.
Otherwise, if the sentry constructor exits by throwing an exception or if the sentry object returns false, when converted to a value of type bool, the function returns without attempting to obtain any input.
In either case the number of extracted characters is set to 0; unformatted input functions taking a character array of nonzero size as an argument shall also store a null character (using charT()) in the first location of the array.
If an exception is thrown during input then ios_­base​::​badbit is turned on306 in *this's error state.
(Exceptions thrown from basic_­ios<>​::​clear() are not caught or rethrown.)
If (exceptions()&badbit) != 0 then the exception is rethrown.
It also counts the number of characters extracted.
If no exception has been thrown it ends by storing the count in a member object and returning the value specified.
In any event the sentry object is destroyed before leaving the unformatted input function.
🔗
streamsize gcount() const;
2
#
Effects: None.
This member function does not behave as an unformatted input function (as described above).
3
#
Returns: The number of characters extracted by the last unformatted input member function called for the object.
🔗
int_type get();
4
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, extracts a character c, if one is available.
Otherwise, the function calls setstate(failbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]).
5
#
Returns: c if available, otherwise traits​::​eof().
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(char_type& c);
6
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, extracts a character, if one is available, and assigns it to c.307
Otherwise, the function calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
7
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
8
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, extracts characters and stores them into successive locations of an array whose first element is designated by s.308
Characters are extracted and stored until any of the following occurs:
  • (8.1)
    n is less than one or n - 1 characters are stored;
  • (8.2)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence (in which case the function calls setstate(eofbit));
  • (8.3)
    traits​::​eq(c, delim) for the next available input character c (in which case c is not extracted).
9
#
If the function stores no characters, it calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags])).
In any case, if n is greater than zero it then stores a null character into the next successive location of the array.
10
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(char_type* s, streamsize n);
11
#
Effects: Calls get(s, n, widen('\n')).
12
#
Returns: Value returned by the call.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>& sb, char_type delim);
13
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, extracts characters and inserts them in the output sequence controlled by sb.
Characters are extracted and inserted until any of the following occurs:
  • (13.1)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence;
  • (13.2)
    inserting in the output sequence fails (in which case the character to be inserted is not extracted);
  • (13.3)
    traits​::​eq(c, delim) for the next available input character c (in which case c is not extracted);
  • (13.4)
    an exception occurs (in which case, the exception is caught but not rethrown).
14
#
If the function inserts no characters, it calls setstate(failbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags]).
15
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& get(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>& sb);
16
#
Effects: Calls get(sb, widen('\n')).
17
#
Returns: Value returned by the call.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n, char_type delim);
18
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, extracts characters and stores them into successive locations of an array whose first element is designated by s.309
Characters are extracted and stored until one of the following occurs:
  1. 1.end-of-file occurs on the input sequence (in which case the function calls setstate(eofbit));
  2. 2.traits​::​eq(c, delim) for the next available input character c (in which case the input character is extracted but not stored);310
  3. 3.n is less than one or n - 1 characters are stored (in which case the function calls setstate(​failbit)).
19
#
These conditions are tested in the order shown.311
20
#
If the function extracts no characters, it calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags])).312
21
#
In any case, if n is greater than zero, it then stores a null character (using charT()) into the next successive location of the array.
22
#
Returns: *this.
23
#
[ Example
: 
#include <iostream>

int main() {
  using namespace std;
  const int line_buffer_size = 100;

  char buffer[line_buffer_size];
  int line_number = 0;
  while (cin.getline(buffer, line_buffer_size, '\n') || cin.gcount()) {
    int count = cin.gcount();
    if (cin.eof())
      cout << "Partial final line";     // cin.fail() is false
    else if (cin.fail()) {
      cout << "Partial long line";
      cin.clear(cin.rdstate() & ~ios_base::failbit);
    } else {
      count--;                          // Don't include newline in count
      cout << "Line " << ++line_number;
    }
    cout << " (" << count << " chars): " << buffer << endl;
  }
}
— end example
 ]
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& getline(char_type* s, streamsize n);
24
#
Returns: getline(s, n, widen('\n'))
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& ignore(streamsize n = 1, int_type delim = traits::eof());
25
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, extracts characters and discards them.
Characters are extracted until any of the following occurs:
  • (25.1)
    n != numeric_­limits<streamsize>​::​max() and n characters have been extracted so far
  • (25.2)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence (in which case the function calls setstate(eofbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]));
  • (25.3)
    traits​::​eq_­int_­type(traits​::​to_­int_­type(c), delim) for the next available input character c (in which case c is extracted).
26
#
Remarks: The last condition will never occur if traits​::​eq_­int_­type(delim, traits​::​eof()).
27
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
int_type peek();
28
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, reads but does not extract the current input character.
29
#
Returns: traits​::​eof() if good() is false.
Otherwise, returns rdbuf()->sgetc().
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& read(char_type* s, streamsize n);
30
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, if !good() calls setstate(failbit) which may throw an exception, and return.
Otherwise extracts characters and stores them into successive locations of an array whose first element is designated by s.313
Characters are extracted and stored until either of the following occurs:
  • (30.1)
    n characters are stored;
  • (30.2)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence (in which case the function calls setstate(failbit | eofbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
31
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
streamsize readsome(char_type* s, streamsize n);
32
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, if !good() calls setstate(failbit) which may throw an exception, and return.
Otherwise extracts characters and stores them into successive locations of an array whose first element is designated by s.
If rdbuf()->in_­avail() == -1, calls setstate(eofbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])), and extracts no characters;
  • (32.1)
    If rdbuf()->in_­avail() == 0, extracts no characters
  • (32.2)
    If rdbuf()->in_­avail() > 0, extracts min(rdbuf()->in_­avail(), n)).
33
#
Returns: The number of characters extracted.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& putback(char_type c);
34
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above), except that the function first clears eofbit.
After constructing a sentry object, if !good() calls setstate(failbit) which may throw an exception, and return.
If rdbuf() is not null, calls rdbuf()->sputbackc(c).
If rdbuf() is null, or if sputbackc returns traits​::​eof(), calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
[ Note
:
This function extracts no characters, so the value returned by the next call to gcount() is 0.
— end note
 ]
35
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& unget();
36
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above), except that the function first clears eofbit.
After constructing a sentry object, if !good() calls setstate(failbit) which may throw an exception, and return.
If rdbuf() is not null, calls rdbuf()->sungetc().
If rdbuf() is null, or if sungetc returns traits​::​eof(), calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
[ Note
:
This function extracts no characters, so the value returned by the next call to gcount() is 0.
— end note
 ]
37
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
int sync();
38
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above), except that it does not count the number of characters extracted and does not affect the value returned by subsequent calls to gcount().
After constructing a sentry object, if rdbuf() is a null pointer, returns -1.
Otherwise, calls rdbuf()->pubsync() and, if that function returns -1 calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags]), and returns -1.
Otherwise, returns zero.
🔗
pos_type tellg();
39
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above), except that it does not count the number of characters extracted and does not affect the value returned by subsequent calls to gcount().
40
#
Returns: After constructing a sentry object, if fail() != false, returns pos_­type(-1) to indicate failure.
Otherwise, returns rdbuf()->pubseekoff(0, cur, in).
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& seekg(pos_type pos);
41
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above), except that the function first clears eofbit, it does not count the number of characters extracted, and it does not affect the value returned by subsequent calls to gcount().
After constructing a sentry object, if fail() != true, executes rdbuf()->pubseekpos(pos, ios_­base​::​in).
In case of failure, the function calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure).
42
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_istream<charT, traits>& seekg(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir dir);
43
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function (as described above), except that the function first clears eofbit, does not count the number of characters extracted, and does not affect the value returned by subsequent calls to gcount().
After constructing a sentry object, if fail() != true, executes rdbuf()->pubseekoff(off, dir, ios_­base​::​in).
In case of failure, the function calls setstate(​failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure).
44
#
Returns: *this.
306)
This is done without causing an ios_­base​::​failure to be thrown.
⮥
307)
Note that this function is not overloaded on types signed char and unsigned char.
⮥
308)
Note that this function is not overloaded on types signed char and unsigned char.
⮥
309)
Note that this function is not overloaded on types signed char and unsigned char.
⮥
310)
Since the final input character is “extracted”, it is counted in the gcount(), even though it is not stored.
⮥
311)
This allows an input line which exactly fills the buffer, without setting failbit.
This is different behavior than the historical AT&T implementation.
⮥
312)
This implies an empty input line will not cause failbit to be set.
⮥
313)
Note that this function is not overloaded on types signed char and unsigned char.
⮥

29.7.4.4 Standard basic_­istream manipulators [istream.manip]

1
#
Each instantiation of the function template specified in this subclause is a designated addressable function ([namespace.std]).
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_istream<charT, traits>& ws(basic_istream<charT, traits>& is);
2
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted input function, except that it does not count the number of characters extracted and does not affect the value returned by subsequent calls to is.gcount().
After constructing a sentry object extracts characters as long as the next available character c is whitespace or until there are no more characters in the sequence.
Whitespace characters are distinguished with the same criterion as used by sentry​::​sentry.
If ws stops extracting characters because there are no more available it sets eofbit, but not failbit.
3
#
Returns: is.

29.7.4.5 Rvalue stream extraction [istream.rvalue]

🔗
template<class Istream, class T> Istream&& operator>>(Istream&& is, T&& x);
1
#
Constraints: The expression is >> std​::​forward<T>(x) is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand and Istream is publicly and unambiguously derived from ios_­base.
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
is >> std::forward<T>(x);
return std::move(is);

29.7.4.6 Class template basic_­iostream [iostreamclass]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_iostream
    : public basic_istream<charT, traits>,
      public basic_ostream<charT, traits> {
  public:
    using char_type   = charT;
    using int_type    = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type    = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type    = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type = traits;

    // [iostream.cons], constructor
    explicit basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);

    // [iostream.dest], destructor
    virtual ~basic_iostream();

  protected:
    // [iostream.cons], constructor
    basic_iostream(const basic_iostream&) = delete;
    basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& rhs);

    // [iostream.assign], assign and swap
    basic_iostream& operator=(const basic_iostream&) = delete;
    basic_iostream& operator=(basic_iostream&& rhs);
    void swap(basic_iostream& rhs);
  };
}
1
#
The class template basic_­iostream inherits a number of functions that allow reading input and writing output to sequences controlled by a stream buffer.

29.7.4.6.1 Constructors [iostream.cons]

🔗
explicit basic_iostream(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
1
#
Effects: Initializes the base class subobjects with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(sb) ([istream]) and basic_­ostream<charT, traits>(sb).
2
#
Postconditions: rdbuf() == sb and gcount() == 0.
🔗
basic_iostream(basic_iostream&& rhs);
3
#
Effects: Move constructs from the rvalue rhs by constructing the basic_­istream base class with move(rhs).

29.7.4.6.2 Destructor [iostream.dest]

🔗
virtual ~basic_iostream();
1
#
Remarks: Does not perform any operations on rdbuf().

29.7.4.6.3 Assignment and swap [iostream.assign]

🔗
basic_iostream& operator=(basic_iostream&& rhs);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: swap(rhs).
🔗
void swap(basic_iostream& rhs);
2
#
Effects: Calls basic_­istream<charT, traits>​::​swap(rhs).

29.7.5 Output streams [output.streams]

1
#
The header <ostream> defines a type and several function signatures that control output to a stream buffer along with a function template that inserts into stream rvalues.

29.7.5.1 Class template basic_­ostream [ostream]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_ostream : virtual public basic_ios<charT, traits> {
  public:
    // types (inherited from basic_­ios)
    using char_type   = charT;
    using int_type    = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type    = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type    = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type = traits;

    // [ostream.cons], constructor/destructor
    explicit basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>* sb);
    virtual ~basic_ostream();

    // [ostream.sentry], prefix/suffix
    class sentry;

    // [ostream.formatted], formatted output
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&));
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ios<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT, traits>&));
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
      operator<<(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));

    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(bool n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(short n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(unsigned short n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(int n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(unsigned int n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(long n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(unsigned long n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(long long n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(unsigned long long n);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(float f);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(double f);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(long double f);

    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(const void* p);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(nullptr_t);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_streambuf<char_type, traits>* sb);

    // [ostream.unformatted], unformatted output
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& put(char_type c);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& write(const char_type* s, streamsize n);

    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& flush();

    // [ostream.seeks], seeks
    pos_type tellp();
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& seekp(pos_type);
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& seekp(off_type, ios_base::seekdir);

  protected:
    // [ostream.cons], copy/move constructor
    basic_ostream(const basic_ostream&) = delete;
    basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& rhs);

    // [ostream.assign], assign and swap
    basic_ostream& operator=(const basic_ostream&) = delete;
    basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream&& rhs);
    void swap(basic_ostream& rhs);
  };

  // [ostream.inserters.character], character inserters
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, charT);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, char);
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char);

  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, signed char);
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, unsigned char);

  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, wchar_t) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char8_t) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char16_t) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, char32_t) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, char8_t) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, char16_t) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, char32_t) = delete;

  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, const charT*);
  template<class charT, class traits>
    basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&, const char*);
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char*);

  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const signed char*);
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const unsigned char*);

  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const wchar_t*) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char8_t*) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char16_t*) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<char, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>&, const char32_t*) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, const char8_t*) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, const char16_t*) = delete;
  template<class traits>
    basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&
      operator<<(basic_ostream<wchar_t, traits>&, const char32_t*) = delete;
}
1
#
The class template basic_­ostream defines a number of member function signatures that assist in formatting and writing output to output sequences controlled by a stream buffer.
2
#
Two groups of member function signatures share common properties: the formatted output functions (or inserters) and the unformatted output functions. Both groups of output functions generate (or insert) output characters by actions equivalent to calling rdbuf()->sputc(int_­type).
They may use other public members of basic_­ostream except that they shall not invoke any virtual members of rdbuf() except overflow(), xsputn(), and sync().
3
#
If one of these called functions throws an exception, then unless explicitly noted otherwise the output function sets badbit in the error state.
If badbit is set in exceptions(), the output function rethrows the exception without completing its actions, otherwise it does not throw anything and proceeds as if the called function had returned a failure indication.
4
#
[ Note
:
The deleted overloads of operator<< prevent formatting characters as integers and strings as pointers.
— end note
 ]

29.7.5.1.1 Constructors [ostream.cons]

🔗
explicit basic_ostream(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
1
#
Effects: Initializes the base class subobject with basic_­ios<charT, traits>​::​init(sb) ([basic.ios.cons]).
2
#
Postconditions: rdbuf() == sb.
🔗
basic_ostream(basic_ostream&& rhs);
3
#
Effects: Move constructs from the rvalue rhs.
This is accomplished by default constructing the base class and calling basic_­ios<charT, traits>​::​move(rhs) to initialize the base class.
🔗
virtual ~basic_ostream();
4
#
Remarks: Does not perform any operations on rdbuf().

29.7.5.1.2 Assignment and swap [ostream.assign]

🔗
basic_ostream& operator=(basic_ostream&& rhs);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: swap(rhs).
2
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
void swap(basic_ostream& rhs);
3
#
Effects: Calls basic_­ios<charT, traits>​::​swap(rhs).

29.7.5.1.3 Class basic_­ostream​::​sentry [ostream.sentry]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>>
  class basic_ostream<charT, traits>::sentry {
    bool ok_;       // exposition only
  public:
    explicit sentry(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
    ~sentry();
    explicit operator bool() const { return ok_; }

    sentry(const sentry&) = delete;
    sentry& operator=(const sentry&) = delete;
  };
}
1
#
The class sentry defines a class that is responsible for doing exception safe prefix and suffix operations.
🔗
explicit sentry(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
2
#
If os.good() is nonzero, prepares for formatted or unformatted output.
If os.tie() is not a null pointer, calls os.tie()->flush().314
3
#
If, after any preparation is completed, os.good() is true, ok_­ == true otherwise, ok_­ == false.
During preparation, the constructor may call setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags])).315
🔗
~sentry();
4
#
If (os.flags() & ios_­base​::​unitbuf) && !uncaught_­exceptions() && os.good() is true, calls os.rdbuf()->pubsync().
If that function returns -1, sets badbit in os.rdstate() without propagating an exception.
🔗
explicit operator bool() const;
5
#
Effects: Returns ok_­.
314)
The call os.tie()->flush() does not necessarily occur if the function can determine that no synchronization is necessary.
⮥
315)
The sentry constructor and destructor can also perform additional implementation-dependent operations.
⮥

29.7.5.1.4 Seek members [ostream.seeks]

1
#
Each seek member function begins execution by constructing an object of class sentry.
It returns by destroying the sentry object.
🔗
pos_type tellp();
2
#
Returns: If fail() != false, returns pos_­type(-1) to indicate failure.
Otherwise, returns rdbuf()->​pubseekoff(​0, cur, out).
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& seekp(pos_type pos);
3
#
Effects: If fail() != true, executes rdbuf()->pubseekpos(pos, ios_­base​::​out).
In case of failure, the function calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure).
4
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& seekp(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir dir);
5
#
Effects: If fail() != true, executes rdbuf()->pubseekoff(off, dir, ios_­base​::​out).
In case of failure, the function calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure).
6
#
Returns: *this.

29.7.5.2 Formatted output functions [ostream.formatted]

29.7.5.2.1 Common requirements [ostream.formatted.reqmts]

1
#
Each formatted output function begins execution by constructing an object of class sentry.
If this object returns true when converted to a value of type bool, the function endeavors to generate the requested output.
If the generation fails, then the formatted output function does setstate(ios_­base​::​failbit), which might throw an exception.
If an exception is thrown during output, then ios_­base​::​badbit is turned on316 in *this's error state.
If (exceptions()&badbit) != 0 then the exception is rethrown.
Whether or not an exception is thrown, the sentry object is destroyed before leaving the formatted output function.
If no exception is thrown, the result of the formatted output function is *this.
2
#
The descriptions of the individual formatted output functions describe how they perform output and do not mention the sentry object.
3
#
If a formatted output function of a stream os determines padding, it does so as follows.
Given a charT character sequence seq where charT is the character type of the stream, if the length of seq is less than os.width(), then enough copies of os.fill() are added to this sequence as necessary to pad to a width of os.width() characters.
If (os.flags() & ios_­base​::​adjustfield) == ios_­base​::​left is true, the fill characters are placed after the character sequence; otherwise, they are placed before the character sequence.
316)
without causing an ios_­base​::​failure to be thrown.
⮥

29.7.5.2.2 Arithmetic inserters [ostream.inserters.arithmetic]

🔗
operator<<(bool val); operator<<(short val); operator<<(unsigned short val); operator<<(int val); operator<<(unsigned int val); operator<<(long val); operator<<(unsigned long val); operator<<(long long val); operator<<(unsigned long long val); operator<<(float val); operator<<(double val); operator<<(long double val); operator<<(const void* val);
1
#
Effects: The classes num_­get<> and num_­put<> handle locale-dependent numeric formatting and parsing.
These inserter functions use the imbued locale value to perform numeric formatting.
When val is of type bool, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long, double, long double, or const void*, the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment: 
bool failed = use_facet<
  num_put<charT, ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>
    >(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(), val).failed();
When val is of type short the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment: 
ios_base::fmtflags baseflags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
bool failed = use_facet<
  num_put<charT, ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>
    >(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
    baseflags == ios_base::oct || baseflags == ios_base::hex
      ? static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned short>(val))
      : static_cast<long>(val)).failed();
When val is of type int the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment: 
ios_base::fmtflags baseflags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
bool failed = use_facet<
  num_put<charT, ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>
    >(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
    baseflags == ios_base::oct || baseflags == ios_base::hex
      ? static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned int>(val))
      : static_cast<long>(val)).failed();
When val is of type unsigned short or unsigned int the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment: 
bool failed = use_facet<
  num_put<charT, ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>
    >(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
      static_cast<unsigned long>(val)).failed();
When val is of type float the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment: 
bool failed = use_facet<
  num_put<charT, ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>>
    >(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
      static_cast<double>(val)).failed();
2
#
The first argument provides an object of the ostreambuf_­iterator<> class which is an iterator for class basic_­ostream<>.
It bypasses ostreams and uses streambufs directly.
Class locale relies on these types as its interface to iostreams, since for flexibility it has been abstracted away from direct dependence on ostream.
The second parameter is a reference to the base class subobject of type ios_­base.
It provides formatting specifications such as field width, and a locale from which to obtain other facets.
If failed is true then does setstate(badbit), which may throw an exception, and returns.
3
#
Returns: *this.

29.7.5.2.3 basic_­ostream​::​operator<< [ostream.inserters]

🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&));
1
#
Effects: None.
Does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]).
2
#
Returns: pf(*this).317
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ios<charT, traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT, traits>&));
3
#
Effects: Calls pf(*this).
This inserter does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]).
4
#
Returns: *this.318
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&));
5
#
Effects: Calls pf(*this).
This inserter does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]).
6
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* sb);
7
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted output function.
After the sentry object is constructed, if sb is null calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure).
8
#
Gets characters from sb and inserts them in *this.
Characters are read from sb and inserted until any of the following occurs:
  • (8.1)
    end-of-file occurs on the input sequence;
  • (8.2)
    inserting in the output sequence fails (in which case the character to be inserted is not extracted);
  • (8.3)
    an exception occurs while getting a character from sb.
9
#
If the function inserts no characters, it calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​​failure ([iostate.flags])).
If an exception was thrown while extracting a character, the function sets failbit in the error state, and if failbit is set in exceptions() the caught exception is rethrown.
10
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(nullptr_t);
11
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return *this << s;
where s is an implementation-defined NTCTS.
317)
See, for example, the function signature endl(basic_­ostream&) ([ostream.manip]).
⮥
318)
See, for example, the function signature dec(ios_­base&) ([basefield.manip]).
⮥

29.7.5.2.4 Character inserter function templates [ostream.inserters.character]

🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, charT c); template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, char c); // specialization template<class traits> basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>& out, char c); // signed and unsigned template<class traits> basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>& out, signed char c); template<class traits> basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>& out, unsigned char c);
1
#
Effects: Behaves as a formatted output function of out.
Constructs a character sequence seq.
If c has type char and the character type of the stream is not char, then seq consists of out.widen(c); otherwise seq consists of c.
Determines padding for seq as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts].
Inserts seq into out.
Calls os.width(0).
2
#
Returns: out.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, const charT* s); template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& out, const char* s); template<class traits> basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>& out, const char* s); template<class traits> basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>& out, const signed char* s); template<class traits> basic_ostream<char, traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char, traits>& out, const unsigned char* s);
3
#
Preconditions: s is not a null pointer.
4
#
Effects: Behaves like a formatted inserter (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]) of out.
Creates a character sequence seq of n characters starting at s, each widened using out.widen() ([basic.ios.members]), where n is the number that would be computed as if by:
  • (4.1)
    traits​::​length(s) for the overload where the first argument is of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and the second is of type const charT*, and also for the overload where the first argument is of type basic_­ostream<char, traits>& and the second is of type const char*,
  • (4.2)
    char_­traits<char>​::​length(s) for the overload where the first argument is of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and the second is of type const char*,
  • (4.3)
    traits​::​length(reinterpret_­cast<const char*>(s)) for the other two overloads.
Determines padding for seq as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts].
Inserts seq into out.
Calls width(0).
5
#
Returns: out.

29.7.5.3 Unformatted output functions [ostream.unformatted]

1
#
Each unformatted output function begins execution by constructing an object of class sentry.
If this object returns true, while converting to a value of type bool, the function endeavors to generate the requested output.
If an exception is thrown during output, then ios_­base​::​badbit is turned on319 in *this's error state.
If (exceptions() & badbit) != 0 then the exception is rethrown.
In any case, the unformatted output function ends by destroying the sentry object, then, if no exception was thrown, returning the value specified for the unformatted output function.
🔗
basic_ostream<charT, traits>& put(char_type c);
2
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted output function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, inserts the character c, if possible.320
3
#
Otherwise, calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
4
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_ostream& write(const char_type* s, streamsize n);
5
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted output function (as described above).
After constructing a sentry object, obtains characters to insert from successive locations of an array whose first element is designated by s.321
Characters are inserted until either of the following occurs:
  • (5.1)
    n characters are inserted;
  • (5.2)
    inserting in the output sequence fails (in which case the function calls setstate(badbit), which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
6
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
basic_ostream& flush();
7
#
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted output function (as described above).
If rdbuf() is not a null pointer, constructs a sentry object.
If this object returns true when converted to a value of type bool the function calls rdbuf()->pubsync().
If that function returns -1 calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([iostate.flags])).
Otherwise, if the sentry object returns false, does nothing.
8
#
Returns: *this.
319)
without causing an ios_­base​::​failure to be thrown.
⮥
320)
Note that this function is not overloaded on types signed char and unsigned char.
⮥
321)
Note that this function is not overloaded on types signed char and unsigned char.
⮥

29.7.5.4 Standard manipulators [ostream.manip]

1
#
Each instantiation of any of the function templates specified in this subclause is a designated addressable function ([namespace.std]).
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& endl(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
2
#
Effects: Calls os.put(os.widen('\n')), then os.flush().
3
#
Returns: os.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& ends(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
4
#
Effects: Inserts a null character into the output sequence: calls os.put(charT()).
5
#
Returns: os.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& flush(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
6
#
Effects: Calls os.flush().
7
#
Returns: os.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& emit_on_flush(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
8
#
Effects: If os.rdbuf() is a basic_­syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>*, called buf for the purpose of exposition, calls buf->set_­emit_­on_­sync(true).
Otherwise this manipulator has no effect.
[ Note
:
To work around the issue that the Allocator template argument cannot be deduced, implementations can introduce an intermediate base class to basic_­syncbuf that manages its emit_­on_­sync flag.
— end note
 ]
9
#
Returns: os.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& noemit_on_flush(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
10
#
Effects: If os.rdbuf() is a basic_­syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>*, called buf for the purpose of exposition, calls buf->set_­emit_­on_­sync(false).
Otherwise this manipulator has no effect.
11
#
Returns: os.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits> basic_ostream<charT, traits>& flush_emit(basic_ostream<charT, traits>& os);
12
#
Effects: Calls os.flush().
Then, if os.rdbuf() is a basic_­syncbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>*, called buf for the purpose of exposition, calls buf->emit().
13
#
Returns: os.

29.7.5.5 Rvalue stream insertion [ostream.rvalue]

🔗
template<class Ostream, class T> Ostream&& operator<<(Ostream&& os, const T& x);
1
#
Constraints: The expression os << x is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand and Ostream is publicly and unambiguously derived from ios_­base.
2
#
Effects: As if by: os << x;
3
#
Returns: std​::​move(os).

29.7.6 Standard manipulators [std.manip]

1
#
The header <iomanip> defines several functions that support extractors and inserters that alter information maintained by class ios_­base and its derived classes.
🔗
unspecified resetiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags mask);
2
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << resetiosflags(mask) behaves as if it called f(out, mask), or if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> resetiosflags(​mask) behaves as if it called f(in, mask), where the function f is defined as:322
void f(ios_base& str, ios_base::fmtflags mask) {
  // reset specified flags
  str.setf(ios_base::fmtflags(0), mask);
}
The expression out << resetiosflags(mask) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
The expression in >> resetiosflags(mask) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
🔗
unspecified setiosflags(ios_base::fmtflags mask);
3
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << setiosflags(mask) behaves as if it called f(out, mask), or if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> setiosflags(mask) behaves as if it called f(in, mask), where the function f is defined as: 
void f(ios_base& str, ios_base::fmtflags mask) {
  // set specified flags
  str.setf(mask);
}
The expression out << setiosflags(mask) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
The expression in >> setiosflags(mask) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
🔗
unspecified setbase(int base);
4
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << setbase(base) behaves as if it called f(out, base), or if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> setbase(base) behaves as if it called f(in, base), where the function f is defined as:
void f(ios_base& str, int base) {
  // set basefield
  str.setf(base ==  8 ? ios_base::oct :
      base == 10 ? ios_base::dec :
      base == 16 ? ios_base::hex :
      ios_base::fmtflags(0), ios_base::basefield);
}
The expression out << setbase(base) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
The expression in >> setbase(base) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
🔗
unspecified setfill(char_type c);
5
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> and c has type charT then the expression out << setfill(c) behaves as if it called f(out, c), where the function f is defined as:
template<class charT, class traits>
void f(basic_ios<charT, traits>& str, charT c) {
  // set fill character
  str.fill(c);
}
The expression out << setfill(c) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
🔗
unspecified setprecision(int n);
6
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << setprecision(n) behaves as if it called f(out, n), or if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> setprecision(n) behaves as if it called f(in, n), where the function f is defined as:
void f(ios_base& str, int n) {
  // set precision
  str.precision(n);
}
The expression out << setprecision(n) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
The expression in >> setprecision(n) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
🔗
unspecified setw(int n);
7
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an instance of basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << setw(n) behaves as if it called f(out, n), or if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> setw(n) behaves as if it called f(in, n), where the function f is defined as:
void f(ios_base& str, int n) {
  // set width
  str.width(n);
}
The expression out << setw(n) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
The expression in >> setw(n) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
322)
The expression cin >> resetiosflags(ios_­base​::​skipws) clears ios_­base​::​skipws in the format flags stored in the basic_­istream<charT, traits> object cin (the same as cin >> noskipws), and the expression cout << resetiosflags(ios_­base​::​showbase) clears ios_­base​::​showbase in the format flags stored in the basic_­ostream<charT, traits> object cout (the same as cout << noshowbase).
⮥

29.7.7 Extended manipulators [ext.manip]

1
#
The header <iomanip> defines several functions that support extractors and inserters that allow for the parsing and formatting of sequences and values for money and time.
🔗
template<class moneyT> unspecified get_money(moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
2
#
Mandates: The type moneyT is either long double or a specialization of the basic_­string template ([strings]).
3
#
Effects: The expression in >> get_­money(mon, intl) described below behaves as a formatted input function.
4
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> get_­money(mon, intl) behaves as if it called f(in, mon, intl), where the function f is defined as:
template<class charT, class traits, class moneyT>
void f(basic_ios<charT, traits>& str, moneyT& mon, bool intl) {
  using Iter     = istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>;
  using MoneyGet = money_get<charT, Iter>;

  ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
  const MoneyGet& mg = use_facet<MoneyGet>(str.getloc());

  mg.get(Iter(str.rdbuf()), Iter(), intl, str, err, mon);

  if (ios_base::goodbit != err)
    str.setstate(err);
}
The expression in >> get_­money(mon, intl) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
🔗
template<class moneyT> unspecified put_money(const moneyT& mon, bool intl = false);
5
#
Mandates: The type moneyT is either long double or a specialization of the basic_­string template ([strings]).
6
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << put_­money(mon, intl) behaves as a formatted output function that calls f(out, mon, intl), where the function f is defined as:
template<class charT, class traits, class moneyT>
void f(basic_ios<charT, traits>& str, const moneyT& mon, bool intl) {
  using Iter     = ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>;
  using MoneyPut = money_put<charT, Iter>;

  const MoneyPut& mp = use_facet<MoneyPut>(str.getloc());
  const Iter end = mp.put(Iter(str.rdbuf()), intl, str, str.fill(), mon);

  if (end.failed())
    str.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
}
The expression out << put_­money(mon, intl) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
🔗
template<class charT> unspecified get_time(struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
7
#
Preconditions: The argument tmb is a valid pointer to an object of type struct tm, and [fmt, fmt + char_­traits<charT>​::​length(fmt)) is a valid range.
8
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if in is an object of type basic_­istream<charT, traits> then the expression in >> get_­time(tmb, fmt) behaves as if it called f(in, tmb, fmt), where the function f is defined as:
template<class charT, class traits>
void f(basic_ios<charT, traits>& str, struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt) {
  using Iter    = istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>;
  using TimeGet = time_get<charT, Iter>;

  ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
  const TimeGet& tg = use_facet<TimeGet>(str.getloc());

  tg.get(Iter(str.rdbuf()), Iter(), str, err, tmb,
    fmt, fmt + traits::length(fmt));

  if (err != ios_base::goodbit)
    str.setstate(err);
}
The expression in >> get_­time(tmb, fmt) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
🔗
template<class charT> unspecified put_time(const struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt);
9
#
Preconditions: The argument tmb is a valid pointer to an object of type struct tm, and [fmt, fmt + char_­traits<charT>​::​length(fmt)) is a valid range.
10
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an object of type basic_­ostream<charT, traits> then the expression out << put_­time(tmb, fmt) behaves as if it called f(out, tmb, fmt), where the function f is defined as:
template<class charT, class traits>
void f(basic_ios<charT, traits>& str, const struct tm* tmb, const charT* fmt) {
  using Iter    = ostreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>;
  using TimePut = time_put<charT, Iter>;

  const TimePut& tp = use_facet<TimePut>(str.getloc());
  const Iter end = tp.put(Iter(str.rdbuf()), str, str.fill(), tmb,
    fmt, fmt + traits::length(fmt));

  if (end.failed())
    str.setstate(ios_base::badbit);
}
The expression out << put_­time(tmb, fmt) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.

29.7.8 Quoted manipulators [quoted.manip]

1
#
[ Note
:
Quoted manipulators provide string insertion and extraction of quoted strings (for example, XML and CSV formats).
Quoted manipulators are useful in ensuring that the content of a string with embedded spaces remains unchanged if inserted and then extracted via stream I/O.
— end note
 ]
🔗
template<class charT> unspecified quoted(const charT* s, charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\')); template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> unspecified quoted(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s, charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\')); template<class charT, class traits> unspecified quoted(basic_string_view<charT, traits> s, charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\'));
2
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that if out is an instance of basic_­ostream with member type char_­type the same as charT and with member type traits_­type, which in the second and third forms is the same as traits, then the expression out << quoted(s, delim, escape) behaves as a formatted output function of out.
This forms a character sequence seq, initially consisting of the following elements:
  • (2.1)
    delim.
  • (2.2)
    Each character in s. If the character to be output is equal to escape or delim, as determined by traits_­type​::​eq, first output escape.
  • (2.3)
    delim.
Let x be the number of elements initially in seq.
Then padding is determined for seq as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts], seq is inserted as if by calling out.rdbuf()->sputn(seq, n), where n is the larger of out.width() and x, and out.width(0) is called.
The expression out << quoted(s, delim, escape) has type basic_­ostream<charT, traits>& and value out.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> unspecified quoted(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s, charT delim = charT('"'), charT escape = charT('\\'));
3
#
Returns: An object of unspecified type such that:
  • (3.1)
    If in is an instance of basic_­istream with member types char_­type and traits_­type the same as charT and traits, respectively, then the expression in >> quoted(s, delim, escape) behaves as if it extracts the following characters from in using operator>>(basic_­istream<charT, traits>&, charT&) ([istream.extractors]) which may throw ios_­base​::​failure ([ios.failure]):
    • (3.1.1)
      If the first character extracted is equal to delim, as determined by traits_­type​::​eq, then:
      • (3.1.1.1)
        Turn off the skipws flag.
      • (3.1.1.2)
        s.clear()
      • (3.1.1.3)
        Until an unescaped delim character is reached or !in, extract characters from in and append them to s, except that if an escape is reached, ignore it and append the next character to s.
      • (3.1.1.4)
        Discard the final delim character.
      • (3.1.1.5)
        Restore the skipws flag to its original value.
    • (3.1.2)
      Otherwise, in >> s.
  • (3.2)
    If out is an instance of basic_­ostream with member types char_­type and traits_­type the same as charT and traits, respectively, then the expression out << quoted(s, delim, escape) behaves as specified for the const basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator>& overload of the quoted function.
  • (3.3)
    The expression in >> quoted(s, delim, escape) has type basic_­istream<charT, traits>& and value in.
  • (3.4)
    The expression out << quoted(s, delim, escape) has type basic_­ostream​<charT, traits>& and value out.

29.8 String-based streams [string.streams]

29.8.1 Header <sstream> synopsis [sstream.syn]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_stringbuf;

  using stringbuf  = basic_stringbuf<char>;
  using wstringbuf = basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_istringstream;

  using istringstream  = basic_istringstream<char>;
  using wistringstream = basic_istringstream<wchar_t>;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_ostringstream;
  using ostringstream  = basic_ostringstream<char>;
  using wostringstream = basic_ostringstream<wchar_t>;

  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
    class basic_stringstream;
  using stringstream  = basic_stringstream<char>;
  using wstringstream = basic_stringstream<wchar_t>;
}
1
#
The header <sstream> defines four class templates and eight types that associate stream buffers with objects of class basic_­string, as described in [string.classes].

29.8.2 Class template basic_­stringbuf [stringbuf]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
  class basic_stringbuf : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits> {
  public:
    using char_type      = charT;
    using int_type       = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type       = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type       = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type    = traits;
    using allocator_type = Allocator;

    // [stringbuf.cons], constructors
    basic_stringbuf() : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out) {}
    explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which);
    explicit basic_stringbuf(
      const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s,
      ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    explicit basic_stringbuf(const Allocator& a)
      : basic_stringbuf(ios_base::in | ios_base::out, a) {}
    basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
    explicit basic_stringbuf(
      basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s,
      ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    template<class SAlloc>
      basic_stringbuf(
        const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, const Allocator& a)
        : basic_stringbuf(s, ios_base::in | ios_base::out, a) {}
    template<class SAlloc>
      basic_stringbuf(
        const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s,
        ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
    template<class SAlloc>
      explicit basic_stringbuf(
        const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s,
        ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
    basic_stringbuf(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete;
    basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
    basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs, const Allocator& a);

    // [stringbuf.assign], assign and swap
    basic_stringbuf& operator=(const basic_stringbuf&) = delete;
    basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
    void swap(basic_stringbuf& rhs) noexcept(see below);

    // [stringbuf.members], getters and setters
    allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;

    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() const &;
    template<class SAlloc>
      basic_string<charT,traits,SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() &&;
    basic_string_view<charT, traits> view() const noexcept;

    void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s);
    template<class SAlloc>
      void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s);
    void str(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s);

  protected:
    // [stringbuf.virtuals], overridden virtual functions
    int_type underflow() override;
    int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;
    int_type overflow (int_type c = traits::eof()) override;
    basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* setbuf(charT*, streamsize) override;

    pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
                     ios_base::openmode which
                      = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
    pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
                     ios_base::openmode which
                      = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;

  private:
    ios_base::openmode mode;                        // exposition only
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> buf;     // exposition only
    void init_buf_ptrs();                           // exposition only
  };

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    void swap(basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
              basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
}
1
#
The class basic_­stringbuf is derived from basic_­streambuf to associate possibly the input sequence and possibly the output sequence with a sequence of arbitrary characters.
The sequence can be initialized from, or made available as, an object of class basic_­string.
2
#
For the sake of exposition, the maintained data and internal pointer initialization is presented here as:
  • (2.1)
    ios_­base​::​openmode mode, has in set if the input sequence can be read, and out set if the output sequence can be written.
  • (2.2)
    basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator> buf contains the underlying character sequence.
  • (2.3)
    init_­buf_­ptrs() sets the base class' get area ([streambuf.get.area]) and put area ([streambuf.put.area]) pointers after initializing, moving from, or assigning to buf accordingly.

29.8.2.1 Constructors [stringbuf.cons]

🔗
explicit basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which);
1
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), and mode with which.
It is implementation-defined whether the sequence pointers (eback(), gptr(), egptr(), pbase(), pptr(), epptr()) are initialized to null pointers.
2
#
Postconditions: str().empty() is true.
🔗
explicit basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
3
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with s, then calls init_­buf_­ptrs().
🔗
basic_stringbuf(ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator &a);
4
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with a, then calls init_­buf_­ptrs().
5
#
Postconditions: str().empty() is true.
🔗
explicit basic_stringbuf( basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
6
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with std​::​move(s), then calls init_­buf_­ptrs().
🔗
template<class SAlloc> basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator &a);
7
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with {s,a}, then calls init_­buf_­ptrs().
🔗
template<class SAlloc> explicit basic_stringbuf( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
8
#
Constraints: is_­same_­v<SAlloc,Allocator> is false.
9
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­streambuf() ([streambuf.cons]), mode with which, and buf with s, then calls init_­buf_­ptrs().
🔗
basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs); basic_stringbuf(basic_stringbuf&& rhs, const Allocator& a);
10
#
Effects: Copy constructs the base class from rhs and initializes mode with rhs.mode.
In the first form buf is initialized from std​::​move(rhs).str().
In the second form buf is initialized from {std​::​move(rhs).str(), a}.
It is implementation-defined whether the sequence pointers in *this (eback(), gptr(), egptr(), pbase(), pptr(), epptr()) obtain the values which rhs had.
11
#
Postconditions: Let rhs_­p refer to the state of rhs just prior to this construction and let rhs_­a refer to the state of rhs just after this construction.
  • (11.1)
    str() == rhs_­p.str()
  • (11.2)
    gptr() - eback() == rhs_­p.gptr() - rhs_­p.eback()
  • (11.3)
    egptr() - eback() == rhs_­p.egptr() - rhs_­p.eback()
  • (11.4)
    pptr() - pbase() == rhs_­p.pptr() - rhs_­p.pbase()
  • (11.5)
    epptr() - pbase() == rhs_­p.epptr() - rhs_­p.pbase()
  • (11.6)
    if (eback()) eback() != rhs_­a.eback()
  • (11.7)
    if (gptr()) gptr() != rhs_­a.gptr()
  • (11.8)
    if (egptr()) egptr() != rhs_­a.egptr()
  • (11.9)
    if (pbase()) pbase() != rhs_­a.pbase()
  • (11.10)
    if (pptr()) pptr() != rhs_­a.pptr()
  • (11.11)
    if (epptr()) epptr() != rhs_­a.epptr()
  • (11.12)
    getloc() == rhs_­p.getloc()
  • (11.13)
    rhs is empty but usable, as if std​::​move(rhs).str() was called.

29.8.2.2 Assignment and swap [stringbuf.assign]

🔗
basic_stringbuf& operator=(basic_stringbuf&& rhs);
1
#
Effects: After the move assignment *this has the observable state it would have had if it had been move constructed from rhs (see [stringbuf.cons]).
2
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
void swap(basic_stringbuf& rhs) noexcept(see below);
3
#
Preconditions: allocator_­traits<Allocator>​::​propagate_­on_­container_­swap​::​value is true or get_­allocator() == s.get_­allocator() is true.
4
#
Effects: Exchanges the state of *this and rhs.
5
#
Remarks: The expression inside noexcept is equivalent to:
allocator_­traits<Allocator>​::​propagate_­on_­container_­swap​::​value ||
allocator_­traits<Allocator>​::​is_­always_­equal​::​value.
🔗
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> void swap(basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& x, basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: x.swap(y).

29.8.2.3 Member functions [stringbuf.members]

1
#
The member functions getting the underlying character sequence all refer to a high_­mark value, where high_­mark represents the position one past the highest initialized character in the buffer.
Characters can be initialized by writing to the stream, by constructing the basic_­stringbuf passing a basic_­string argument, or by calling one of the str member functions passing a basic_­string as an argument.
In the latter case, all characters initialized prior to the call are now considered uninitialized (except for those characters re-initialized by the new basic_­string).
🔗
void init_buf_ptrs(); // exposition only
2
#
Effects: Initializes the input and output sequences from buf according to mode.
3
#
Postconditions:
  • (3.1)
    If ios_­base​::​out is set in mode, pbase() points to buf.front() and epptr() >= pbase() + buf.size() is true;
    • (3.1.1)
      in addition, if ios_­base​::​ate is set in mode, pptr() == pbase() + buf.size() is true,
    • (3.1.2)
      otherwise pptr() == pbase() is true.
  • (3.2)
    If ios_­base​::​in is set in mode, eback() points to buf.front(), and (gptr() == eback() && egptr() == eback() + buf.size()) is true.
4
#
[ Note
:
For efficiency reasons, stream buffer operations might violate invariants of buf while it is held encapsulated in the basic_­stringbuf, e.g., by writing to characters in the range [buf.data() + buf.size(), buf.data() + buf.capacity()).
All operations retrieving a basic_­string from buf ensure that the basic_­string invariants hold on the returned value.
— end note
 ]
🔗
allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
5
#
Returns: buf.get_­allocator().
🔗
basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() const &;
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>(view(), get_allocator());
🔗
template<class SAlloc> basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;
7
#
Constraints: SAlloc is a type that qualifies as an allocator ([container.requirements.general]).
8
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
return basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>(view(), sa);
🔗
basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() &&;
9
#
Returns: A basic_­string<charT, traits, Allocator> object move constructed from the basic_­stringbuf's underlying character sequence in buf.
This can be achieved by first adjusting buf to have the same content as view().
10
#
Postconditions: The underlying character sequence buf is empty and pbase(), pptr(), epptr(), eback(), gptr(), and egptr() are initialized as if by calling init_­buf_­ptrs() with an empty buf.
🔗
basic_string_view<charT, traits> view() const noexcept;
11
#
Let sv be basic_­string_­view<charT, traits>.
12
#
Returns: A sv object referring to the basic_­stringbuf's underlying character sequence in buf:
  • (12.1)
    If ios_­base​::​out is set in mode, then sv(pbase(), high_­mark-pbase()) is returned.
  • (12.2)
    Otherwise, if ios_­base​::​in is set in mode, then sv(eback(), egptr()-eback()) is returned.
  • (12.3)
    Otherwise, sv() is returned.
13
#
[ Note
:
Using the returned sv object after destruction or invalidation of the character sequence underlying *this is undefined behavior, unless sv.empty() is true.
— end note
 ]
🔗
void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s);
14
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
buf = s;
init_buf_ptrs();
🔗
template<class SAlloc> void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s);
15
#
Constraints: is_­same_­v<SAlloc,Allocator> is false.
16
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
buf = s;
init_buf_ptrs();
🔗
void str(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s);
17
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
buf = std::move(s);
init_buf_ptrs();

29.8.2.4 Overridden virtual functions [stringbuf.virtuals]

🔗
int_type underflow() override;
1
#
Returns: If the input sequence has a read position available, returns traits​::​to_­int_­type(*gptr()).
Otherwise, returns traits​::​eof().
Any character in the underlying buffer which has been initialized is considered to be part of the input sequence.
🔗
int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;
2
#
Effects: Puts back the character designated by c to the input sequence, if possible, in one of three ways:
  • (2.1)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false and if the input sequence has a putback position available, and if traits​::​eq(to_­char_­type(c), gptr()[-1]) returns true, assigns gptr() - 1 to gptr().
    Returns: c.
  • (2.2)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false and if the input sequence has a putback position available, and if mode & ios_­base​::​out is nonzero, assigns c to *--gptr().
    Returns: c.
  • (2.3)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true and if the input sequence has a putback position available, assigns gptr() - 1 to gptr().
    Returns: traits​::​not_­eof(c).
3
#
Returns: As specified above, or traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
4
#
Remarks: If the function can succeed in more than one of these ways, it is unspecified which way is chosen.
🔗
int_type overflow(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;
5
#
Effects: Appends the character designated by c to the output sequence, if possible, in one of two ways:
  • (5.1)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns false and if either the output sequence has a write position available or the function makes a write position available (as described below), the function calls sputc(c).
    Signals success by returning c.
  • (5.2)
    If traits​::​eq_­int_­type(c, traits​::​eof()) returns true, there is no character to append.
    Signals success by returning a value other than traits​::​eof().
6
#
Remarks: The function can alter the number of write positions available as a result of any call.
7
#
Returns: As specified above, or traits​::​eof() to indicate failure.
8
#
The function can make a write position available only if ios_­base​::​out is set in mode.
To make a write position available, the function reallocates (or initially allocates) an array object with a sufficient number of elements to hold the current array object (if any), plus at least one additional write position.
If ios_­base​::​in is set in mode, the function alters the read end pointer egptr() to point just past the new write position.
🔗
pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
9
#
Effects: Alters the stream position within one of the controlled sequences, if possible, as indicated in Table 124.
Table 124: seekoff positioning   [tab:stringbuf.seekoff.pos]
Conditions
Result
ios_­base​::​in is set in which
positions the input sequence
ios_­base​::​out is set in which
positions the output sequence
both ios_­base​::​in and ios_­base​::​out are set in which and either
way == ios_­base​::​beg or
way == ios_­base​::​end
positions both the input and the output sequences
Otherwise
the positioning operation fails.
10
#
For a sequence to be positioned, the function determines newoff as indicated in Table 125.
If the sequence's next pointer (either gptr() or pptr()) is a null pointer and newoff is nonzero, the positioning operation fails.
Table 125: newoff values   [tab:stringbuf.seekoff.newoff]
Condition
newoff Value
way == ios_­base​::​beg
0
way == ios_­base​::​cur
the next pointer minus the beginning pointer (xnext - xbeg).
way == ios_­base​::​end
the high mark pointer minus the beginning pointer (high_­mark - xbeg).
11
#
If (newoff + off) < 0, or if newoff + off refers to an uninitialized character ([stringbuf.members]), the positioning operation fails.
Otherwise, the function assigns xbeg + newoff + off to the next pointer xnext.
12
#
Returns: pos_­type(newoff), constructed from the resultant offset newoff (of type off_­type), that stores the resultant stream position, if possible.
If the positioning operation fails, or if the constructed object cannot represent the resultant stream position, the return value is pos_­type(off_­type(-1)).
🔗
pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;
13
#
Effects: Equivalent to seekoff(off_­type(sp), ios_­base​::​beg, which).
14
#
Returns: sp to indicate success, or pos_­type(off_­type(-1)) to indicate failure.
🔗
basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* setbuf(charT* s, streamsize n);
15
#
Effects: implementation-defined, except that setbuf(0, 0) has no effect.
16
#
Returns: this.

29.8.3 Class template basic_­istringstream [istringstream]

namespace std {
  template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>,
           class Allocator = allocator<charT>>
  class basic_istringstream : public basic_istream<charT, traits> {
  public:
    using char_type      = charT;
    using int_type       = typename traits::int_type;
    using pos_type       = typename traits::pos_type;
    using off_type       = typename traits::off_type;
    using traits_type    = traits;
    using allocator_type = Allocator;

    // [istringstream.cons], constructors
    basic_istringstream() : basic_istringstream(ios_base::in) {}
    explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which);
    explicit basic_istringstream(
      const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s,
      ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
    basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
    explicit basic_istringstream(
      basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s,
      ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
    template<class SAlloc>
      basic_istringstream(
        const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, const Allocator& a)
        : basic_istringstream(s, ios_base::in, a) {}
    template<class SAlloc>
      basic_istringstream(
        const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s,
        ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
    template<class SAlloc>
      explicit basic_istringstream(
        const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s,
        ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
    basic_istringstream(const basic_istringstream&) = delete;
    basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& rhs);

    // [istringstream.assign], assign and swap
    basic_istringstream& operator=(const basic_istringstream&) = delete;
    basic_istringstream& operator=(basic_istringstream&& rhs);
    void swap(basic_istringstream& rhs);

    // [istringstream.members], members
    basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>* rdbuf() const;
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() const &;
    template<class SAlloc>
      basic_string<charT,traits,SAlloc> str(const SAlloc& sa) const;
    basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator> str() &&;
    basic_string_view<charT, traits> view() const noexcept;

    void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s);
    template<class SAlloc>
      void str(const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s);
    void str(basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s);

  private:
    basic_stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator> sb;   // exposition only
  };

  template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator>
    void swap(basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x,
              basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);
}
1
#
The class basic_­istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator> supports reading objects of class basic_­string<​charT, traits, Allocator>.
It uses a basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator> object to control the associated storage.
For the sake of exposition, the maintained data is presented here as:
  • (1.1)
    sb, the stringbuf object.

29.8.3.1 Constructors [istringstream.cons]

🔗
explicit basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which);
1
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream]) and sb with basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>(which | ios_­base​::​in) ([stringbuf.cons]).
🔗
explicit basic_istringstream( const basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
2
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream]) and sb with basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>(s, which | ios_­base​::​in)
([stringbuf.cons]).
🔗
basic_istringstream(ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
3
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream]) and sb with basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>(which | ios_­base​::​in, a) ([stringbuf.cons]).
🔗
explicit basic_istringstream( basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>&& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
4
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream]) and sb with basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>(std​::​move(s), which | ios_­base​::​​in) ([stringbuf.cons]).
🔗
template<class SAlloc> basic_istringstream( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which, const Allocator& a);
5
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream]) and sb with basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>(s, which | ios_­base​::​in, a)
([stringbuf.cons]).
🔗
template<class SAlloc> explicit basic_istringstream( const basic_string<charT, traits, SAlloc>& s, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in);
6
#
Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_­istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream]) and sb with basic_­stringbuf<charT, traits, Allocator>(s, which | ios_­base​::​in) ([stringbuf.cons]).
🔗
basic_istringstream(basic_istringstream&& rhs);
7
#
Effects: Move constructs from the rvalue rhs.
This is accomplished by move constructing the base class, and the contained basic_­stringbuf.
Then calls basic_­istream<charT, traits>​::​set_­rdbuf(addressof(sb)) to install the contained basic_­stringbuf.

29.8.3.2 Assignment and swap [istringstream.assign]

🔗
void swap(basic_istringstream& rhs);
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: 
basic_istream<charT, traits>::swap(rhs);
sb.swap(rhs.sb);
🔗
template<class charT, class traits, class Allocator> void swap(basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& x, basic_istringstream<charT, traits, Allocator>& y);