23 General utilities library [utilities]

23.14 Function objects [function.objects]

A function object type is an object type that can be the type of the postfix-expression in a function call ([expr.call], [over.match.call]).222 A function object is an object of a function object type. In the places where one would expect to pass a pointer to a function to an algorithmic template (Clause [algorithms]), the interface is specified to accept a function object. This not only makes algorithmic templates work with pointers to functions, but also enables them to work with arbitrary function objects.

Such a type is a function pointer or a class type which has a member operator() or a class type which has a conversion to a pointer to function.

23.14.1 Header <functional> synopsis [functional.syn]

namespace std {
  // [func.invoke], invoke
  template <class F, class... Args>
    invoke_result_t<F, Args...> invoke(F&& f, Args&&... args)
      noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<F, Args...>);

  // [refwrap], reference_­wrapper
  template <class T> class reference_wrapper;

  template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(T&) noexcept;
  template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(const T&) noexcept;
  template <class T> void ref(const T&&) = delete;
  template <class T> void cref(const T&&) = delete;

  template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(reference_wrapper<T>) noexcept;
  template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(reference_wrapper<T>) noexcept;

  // [arithmetic.operations], arithmetic operations
  template <class T = void> struct plus;
  template <class T = void> struct minus;
  template <class T = void> struct multiplies;
  template <class T = void> struct divides;
  template <class T = void> struct modulus;
  template <class T = void> struct negate;
  template <> struct plus<void>;
  template <> struct minus<void>;
  template <> struct multiplies<void>;
  template <> struct divides<void>;
  template <> struct modulus<void>;
  template <> struct negate<void>;

  // [comparisons], comparisons
  template <class T = void> struct equal_to;
  template <class T = void> struct not_equal_to;
  template <class T = void> struct greater;
  template <class T = void> struct less;
  template <class T = void> struct greater_equal;
  template <class T = void> struct less_equal;
  template <> struct equal_to<void>;
  template <> struct not_equal_to<void>;
  template <> struct greater<void>;
  template <> struct less<void>;
  template <> struct greater_equal<void>;
  template <> struct less_equal<void>;

  // [logical.operations], logical operations
  template <class T = void> struct logical_and;
  template <class T = void> struct logical_or;
  template <class T = void> struct logical_not;
  template <> struct logical_and<void>;
  template <> struct logical_or<void>;
  template <> struct logical_not<void>;

  // [bitwise.operations], bitwise operations
  template <class T = void> struct bit_and;
  template <class T = void> struct bit_or;
  template <class T = void> struct bit_xor;
  template <class T = void> struct bit_not;
  template <> struct bit_and<void>;
  template <> struct bit_or<void>;
  template <> struct bit_xor<void>;
  template <> struct bit_not<void>;

  // [func.not_fn], function template not_­fn
  template <class F>
    unspecified not_fn(F&& f);

  // [func.bind], bind
  template<class T> struct is_bind_expression;
  template<class T> struct is_placeholder;

  template<class F, class... BoundArgs>
    unspecified bind(F&&, BoundArgs&&...);
  template<class R, class F, class... BoundArgs>
    unspecified bind(F&&, BoundArgs&&...);

  namespace placeholders {
    // M is the implementation-defined number of placeholders
    see below _1;
    see below _2;
               .
               .
               .
    see below _M;
  }

  // [func.memfn], member function adaptors
  template<class R, class T>
    unspecified mem_fn(R T::*) noexcept;

  // [func.wrap], polymorphic function wrappers
  class bad_function_call;

  template<class> class function; // not defined
  template<class R, class... ArgTypes> class function<R(ArgTypes...)>;

  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
    void swap(function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;

  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator==(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator==(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator!=(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;
  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;

  // [func.search], searchers
  template<class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
    class default_searcher;

  template<class RandomAccessIterator,
           class Hash = hash<typename iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>,
           class BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
    class boyer_moore_searcher;

  template<class RandomAccessIterator,
           class Hash = hash<typename iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>::value_type>,
           class BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
    class boyer_moore_horspool_searcher;

  // [unord.hash], hash function primary template
  template <class T>
    struct hash;

  // [func.bind], function object binders
  template <class T>
    inline constexpr bool is_bind_expression_v = is_bind_expression<T>::value;
  template <class T>
    inline constexpr int is_placeholder_v = is_placeholder<T>::value;
}

[Example: If a C++ program wants to have a by-element addition of two vectors a and b containing double and put the result into a, it can do:

transform(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), a.begin(), plus<double>());

end example]

[Example: To negate every element of a:

transform(a.begin(), a.end(), a.begin(), negate<double>());

end example]

23.14.2 Definitions [func.def]

The following definitions apply to this Clause:

A call signature is the name of a return type followed by a parenthesized comma-separated list of zero or more argument types.

A callable type is a function object type or a pointer to member.

A callable object is an object of a callable type.

A call wrapper type is a type that holds a callable object and supports a call operation that forwards to that object.

A call wrapper is an object of a call wrapper type.

A target object is the callable object held by a call wrapper.

23.14.3 Requirements [func.require]

Define INVOKE(f, t1, t2, ..., tN) as follows:

  • (t1.*f)(t2, ..., tN) when f is a pointer to a member function of a class T and is_­base_­of_­v<T, decay_­t<decltype(t1)>> is true;

  • (t1.get().*f)(t2, ..., tN) when f is a pointer to a member function of a class T and decay_­t<decltype(t1)> is a specialization of reference_­wrapper;

  • ((*t1).*f)(t2, ..., tN) when f is a pointer to a member function of a class T and t1 does not satisfy the previous two items;

  • t1.*f when N == 1 and f is a pointer to data member of a class T and is_­base_­of_­v<T, decay_­t<decltype(t1)>> is true;

  • t1.get().*f when N == 1 and f is a pointer to data member of a class T and decay_­t<decltype(t1)> is a specialization of reference_­wrapper;

  • (*t1).*f when N == 1 and f is a pointer to data member of a class T and t1 does not satisfy the previous two items;

  • f(t1, t2, ..., tN) in all other cases.

Define INVOKE<R>(f, t1, t2, ..., tN) as static_­cast<void>(INVOKE(f, t1, t2, ..., tN)) if R is cv void, otherwise INVOKE(f, t1, t2, ..., tN) implicitly converted to R.

Every call wrapper shall be MoveConstructible. A forwarding call wrapper is a call wrapper that can be called with an arbitrary argument list and delivers the arguments to the wrapped callable object as references. This forwarding step shall ensure that rvalue arguments are delivered as rvalue references and lvalue arguments are delivered as lvalue references. A simple call wrapper is a forwarding call wrapper that is CopyConstructible and CopyAssignable and whose copy constructor, move constructor, and assignment operator do not throw exceptions. [Note: In a typical implementation forwarding call wrappers have an overloaded function call operator of the form

template<class... UnBoundArgs>
R operator()(UnBoundArgs&&... unbound_args) cv-qual;

end note]

23.14.4 Function template invoke [func.invoke]

template <class F, class... Args> invoke_result_t<F, Args...> invoke(F&& f, Args&&... args) noexcept(is_nothrow_invocable_v<F, Args...>);

Returns: INVOKE(std​::​forward<F>(f), std​::​forward<Args>(args)...) ([func.require]).

23.14.5 Class template reference_­wrapper [refwrap]

namespace std {
  template <class T> class reference_wrapper {
  public :
    // types
    using type = T;

    // construct/copy/destroy
    reference_wrapper(T&) noexcept;
    reference_wrapper(T&&) = delete;     // do not bind to temporary objects
    reference_wrapper(const reference_wrapper& x) noexcept;

    // assignment
    reference_wrapper& operator=(const reference_wrapper& x) noexcept;

    // access
    operator T& () const noexcept;
    T& get() const noexcept;

    // invocation
    template <class... ArgTypes>
      invoke_result_t<T&, ArgTypes...>
      operator() (ArgTypes&&...) const;
  };

  template<class T>
    reference_wrapper(reference_wrapper<T>) -> reference_wrapper<T>;
}

reference_­wrapper<T> is a CopyConstructible and CopyAssignable wrapper around a reference to an object or function of type T.

reference_­wrapper<T> shall be a trivially copyable type.

23.14.5.1 reference_­wrapper construct/copy/destroy [refwrap.const]

reference_wrapper(T& t) noexcept;

Effects: Constructs a reference_­wrapper object that stores a reference to t.

reference_wrapper(const reference_wrapper& x) noexcept;

Effects: Constructs a reference_­wrapper object that stores a reference to x.get().

23.14.5.2 reference_­wrapper assignment [refwrap.assign]

reference_wrapper& operator=(const reference_wrapper& x) noexcept;

Postconditions: *this stores a reference to x.get().

23.14.5.3 reference_­wrapper access [refwrap.access]

operator T& () const noexcept;

Returns: The stored reference.

T& get() const noexcept;

Returns: The stored reference.

23.14.5.4 reference_­wrapper invocation [refwrap.invoke]

template <class... ArgTypes> invoke_result_t<T&, ArgTypes...> operator()(ArgTypes&&... args) const;

Returns: INVOKE(get(), std​::​forward<ArgTypes>(args)...). ([func.require])

23.14.5.5 reference_­wrapper helper functions [refwrap.helpers]

template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(T& t) noexcept;

Returns: reference_­wrapper<T>(t).

template <class T> reference_wrapper<T> ref(reference_wrapper<T> t) noexcept;

Returns: ref(t.get()).

template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(const T& t) noexcept;

Returns: reference_­wrapper <const T>(t).

template <class T> reference_wrapper<const T> cref(reference_wrapper<T> t) noexcept;

Returns: cref(t.get()).

23.14.6 Arithmetic operations [arithmetic.operations]

The library provides basic function object classes for all of the arithmetic operators in the language ([expr.mul], [expr.add]).

23.14.6.1 Class template plus [arithmetic.operations.plus]

template <class T = void> struct plus { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x + y.

template <> struct plus<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) + std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) + std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) + std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.6.2 Class template minus [arithmetic.operations.minus]

template <class T = void> struct minus { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x - y.

template <> struct minus<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) - std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) - std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) - std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.6.3 Class template multiplies [arithmetic.operations.multiplies]

template <class T = void> struct multiplies { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x * y.

template <> struct multiplies<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) * std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) * std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) * std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.6.4 Class template divides [arithmetic.operations.divides]

template <class T = void> struct divides { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x / y.

template <> struct divides<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) / std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) / std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) / std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.6.5 Class template modulus [arithmetic.operations.modulus]

template <class T = void> struct modulus { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x % y.

template <> struct modulus<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) % std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) % std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) % std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.6.6 Class template negate [arithmetic.operations.negate]

template <class T = void> struct negate { constexpr T operator()(const T& x) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x) const;

Returns: -x.

template <> struct negate<void> { template <class T> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t) const -> decltype(-std::forward<T>(t)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t) const -> decltype(-std::forward<T>(t));

Returns: -std​::​forward<T>(t).

23.14.7 Comparisons [comparisons]

The library provides basic function object classes for all of the comparison operators in the language ([expr.rel], [expr.eq]).

For templates less, greater, less_­equal, and greater_­equal, the specializations for any pointer type yield a strict total order that is consistent among those specializations and is also consistent with the partial order imposed by the built-in operators <, >, <=, >=. [Note: When a < b is well-defined for pointers a and b of type P, this implies (a < b) == less<P>(a, b), (a > b) == greater<P>(a, b), and so forth. end note] For template specializations less<void>, greater<void>, less_­equal<void>, and greater_­equal<void>, if the call operator calls a built-in operator comparing pointers, the call operator yields a strict total order that is consistent among those specializations and is also consistent with the partial order imposed by those built-in operators.

23.14.7.1 Class template equal_­to [comparisons.equal_to]

template <class T = void> struct equal_to { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x == y.

template <> struct equal_to<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) == std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) == std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) == std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.7.2 Class template not_­equal_­to [comparisons.not_equal_to]

template <class T = void> struct not_equal_to { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x != y.

template <> struct not_equal_to<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) != std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) != std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) != std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.7.3 Class template greater [comparisons.greater]

template <class T = void> struct greater { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x > y.

template <> struct greater<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) > std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) > std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) > std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.7.4 Class template less [comparisons.less]

template <class T = void> struct less { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x < y.

template <> struct less<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) < std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) < std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) < std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.7.5 Class template greater_­equal [comparisons.greater_equal]

template <class T = void> struct greater_equal { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x >= y.

template <> struct greater_equal<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) >= std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) >= std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) >= std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.7.6 Class template less_­equal [comparisons.less_equal]

template <class T = void> struct less_equal { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x <= y.

template <> struct less_equal<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) <= std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) <= std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) <= std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.8 Logical operations [logical.operations]

The library provides basic function object classes for all of the logical operators in the language ([expr.log.and], [expr.log.or], [expr.unary.op]).

23.14.8.1 Class template logical_­and [logical.operations.and]

template <class T = void> struct logical_and { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x && y.

template <> struct logical_and<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) && std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) && std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) && std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.8.2 Class template logical_­or [logical.operations.or]

template <class T = void> struct logical_or { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x || y.

template <> struct logical_or<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) || std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) || std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) || std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.8.3 Class template logical_­not [logical.operations.not]

template <class T = void> struct logical_not { constexpr bool operator()(const T& x) const; };

constexpr bool operator()(const T& x) const;

Returns: !x.

template <> struct logical_not<void> { template <class T> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t) const -> decltype(!std::forward<T>(t)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t) const -> decltype(!std::forward<T>(t));

Returns: !std​::​forward<T>(t).

23.14.9 Bitwise operations [bitwise.operations]

The library provides basic function object classes for all of the bitwise operators in the language ([expr.bit.and], [expr.or], [expr.xor], [expr.unary.op]).

23.14.9.1 Class template bit_­and [bitwise.operations.and]

template <class T = void> struct bit_and { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x & y.

template <> struct bit_and<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) & std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) & std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) & std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.9.2 Class template bit_­or [bitwise.operations.or]

template <class T = void> struct bit_or { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x | y.

template <> struct bit_or<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) | std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) | std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) | std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.9.3 Class template bit_­xor [bitwise.operations.xor]

template <class T = void> struct bit_xor { constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x, const T& y) const;

Returns: x ^ y.

template <> struct bit_xor<void> { template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) ^ std::forward<U>(u)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T, class U> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t, U&& u) const -> decltype(std::forward<T>(t) ^ std::forward<U>(u));

Returns: std​::​forward<T>(t) ^ std​::​forward<U>(u).

23.14.9.4 Class template bit_­not [bitwise.operations.not]

template <class T = void> struct bit_not { constexpr T operator()(const T& x) const; };

constexpr T operator()(const T& x) const;

Returns: ~x.

template <> struct bit_not<void> { template <class T> constexpr auto operator()(T&& t) const -> decltype(~std::forward<T>(t)); using is_transparent = unspecified; };

template <class T> constexpr auto operator()(T&&) const -> decltype(~std::forward<T>(t));

Returns: ~std​::​forward<T>(t).

23.14.10 Function template not_­fn [func.not_fn]

template <class F> unspecified not_fn(F&& f);

Effects: Equivalent to return call_­wrapper(std​::​forward<F>(f)); where call_­wrapper is an exposition only class defined as follows:

class call_wrapper {
  using FD = decay_t<F>;
  FD fd;

  explicit call_wrapper(F&& f);

public:
  call_wrapper(call_wrapper&&) = default;
  call_wrapper(const call_wrapper&) = default;

  template<class... Args>
    auto operator()(Args&&...) &
      -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<FD&, Args...>>());

  template<class... Args>
    auto operator()(Args&&...) const&
      -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<const FD&, Args...>>());

  template<class... Args>
    auto operator()(Args&&...) &&
      -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<FD, Args...>>());

  template<class... Args>
    auto operator()(Args&&...) const&&
      -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<const FD, Args...>>());
};

explicit call_wrapper(F&& f);

Requires: FD shall satisfy the requirements of MoveConstructible. is_­constructible_­v<FD, F> shall be true. fd shall be a callable object.

Effects: Initializes fd from std​::​forward<F>(f).

Throws: Any exception thrown by construction of fd.

template<class... Args> auto operator()(Args&&... args) & -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<FD&, Args...>>()); template<class... Args> auto operator()(Args&&... args) const& -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<const FD&, Args...>>());

Effects: Equivalent to:

return !INVOKE(fd, std::forward<Args>(args)...);              // see [func.require]

template<class... Args> auto operator()(Args&&... args) && -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<FD, Args...>>()); template<class... Args> auto operator()(Args&&... args) const&& -> decltype(!declval<invoke_result_t<const FD, Args...>>());

Effects: Equivalent to:

return !INVOKE(std::move(fd), std::forward<Args>(args)...);   // see [func.require]

23.14.11 Function object binders [func.bind]

This subclause describes a uniform mechanism for binding arguments of callable objects.

23.14.11.1 Class template is_­bind_­expression [func.bind.isbind]

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct is_bind_expression;  // see below
}

The class template is_­bind_­expression can be used to detect function objects generated by bind. The function template bind uses is_­bind_­expression to detect subexpressions.

Instantiations of the is_­bind_­expression template shall meet the UnaryTypeTrait requirements. The implementation shall provide a definition that has a base characteristic of true_­type if T is a type returned from bind, otherwise it shall have a base characteristic of false_­type. A program may specialize this template for a user-defined type T to have a base characteristic of true_­type to indicate that T should be treated as a subexpression in a bind call.

23.14.11.2 Class template is_­placeholder [func.bind.isplace]

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct is_placeholder;      // see below
}

The class template is_­placeholder can be used to detect the standard placeholders _­1, _­2, and so on. The function template bind uses is_­placeholder to detect placeholders.

Instantiations of the is_­placeholder template shall meet the UnaryTypeTrait requirements. The implementation shall provide a definition that has the base characteristic of integral_­constant<int, J> if T is the type of std​::​placeholders​::​_­J, otherwise it shall have a base characteristic of integral_­constant<int, 0>. A program may specialize this template for a user-defined type T to have a base characteristic of integral_­constant<int, N> with N > 0 to indicate that T should be treated as a placeholder type.

23.14.11.3 Function template bind [func.bind.bind]

In the text that follows:

  • FD is the type decay_­t<F>,

  • fd is an lvalue of type FD constructed from std​::​forward<F>(f),

  • Ti is the ith type in the template parameter pack BoundArgs,

  • TDi is the type decay_­t<Ti>,

  • ti is the ith argument in the function parameter pack bound_­args,

  • tdi is an lvalue of type TDi constructed from std​::​forward<Ti>(ti),

  • Uj is the jth deduced type of the UnBoundArgs&&... parameter of the forwarding call wrapper, and

  • uj is the jth argument associated with Uj.

template<class F, class... BoundArgs> unspecified bind(F&& f, BoundArgs&&... bound_args);

Requires: is_­constructible_­v<FD, F> shall be true. For each Ti in BoundArgs, is_­constructible_­v<TDi, Ti> shall be true. INVOKE(fd, w1, w2, …, wN) ([func.require]) shall be a valid expression for some values w1, w2, …, wN, where N has the value sizeof...(bound_­args). The cv-qualifiers cv of the call wrapper g, as specified below, shall be neither volatile nor const volatile.

Returns: A forwarding call wrapper g. The effect of g(u1, u2, …, uM) shall be

INVOKE(fd, std::forward<V1>(v1), std::forward<V2>(v2), …, std::forward<VN>(vN))

where the values and types of the bound arguments v1, v2, …, vN are determined as specified below. The copy constructor and move constructor of the forwarding call wrapper shall throw an exception if and only if the corresponding constructor of FD or of any of the types TDi throws an exception.

Throws: Nothing unless the construction of fd or of one of the values tdi throws an exception.

Remarks: The return type shall satisfy the requirements of MoveConstructible. If all of FD and TDi satisfy the requirements of CopyConstructible, then the return type shall satisfy the requirements of CopyConstructible. [Note: This implies that all of FD and TDi are MoveConstructible. end note]

template<class R, class F, class... BoundArgs> unspecified bind(F&& f, BoundArgs&&... bound_args);

Requires: is_­constructible_­v<FD, F> shall be true. For each Ti in BoundArgs, is_­constructible_­v<TDi, Ti> shall be true. INVOKE(fd, w1, w2, …, wN) shall be a valid expression for some values w1, w2, …, wN, where N has the value sizeof...(bound_­args). The cv-qualifiers cv of the call wrapper g, as specified below, shall be neither volatile nor const volatile.

Returns: A forwarding call wrapper g. The effect of g(u1, u2, …, uM) shall be

INVOKE<R>(fd, std::forward<V1>(v1), std::forward<V2>(v2), …, std::forward<VN>(vN))

where the values and types of the bound arguments v1, v2, …, vN are determined as specified below. The copy constructor and move constructor of the forwarding call wrapper shall throw an exception if and only if the corresponding constructor of FD or of any of the types TDi throws an exception.

Throws: Nothing unless the construction of fd or of one of the values tdi throws an exception.

Remarks: The return type shall satisfy the requirements of MoveConstructible. If all of FD and TDi satisfy the requirements of CopyConstructible, then the return type shall satisfy the requirements of CopyConstructible. [Note: This implies that all of FD and TDi are MoveConstructible. end note]

The values of the bound arguments v1, v2, …, vN and their corresponding types V1, V2, …, VN depend on the types TDi derived from the call to bind and the cv-qualifiers cv of the call wrapper g as follows:

  • if TDi is reference_­wrapper<T>, the argument is tdi.get() and its type Vi is T&;

  • if the value of is_­bind_­expression_­v<TDi> is true, the argument is tdi(std​::​forward<Uj>(uj)...) and its type Vi is invoke_­result_­t<TDi cv &, Uj...>&&;

  • if the value j of is_­placeholder_­v<TDi> is not zero, the argument is std​::​forward<Uj>(uj) and its type Vi is Uj&&;

  • otherwise, the value is tdi and its type Vi is TDi cv &.

23.14.11.4 Placeholders [func.bind.place]

namespace std::placeholders {
  // M is the implementation-defined number of placeholders
  see below _1;
  see below _2;
              .
              .
              .
  see below _M;
}

All placeholder types shall be DefaultConstructible and CopyConstructible, and their default constructors and copy/move constructors shall not throw exceptions. It is implementation-defined whether placeholder types are CopyAssignable. CopyAssignable placeholders' copy assignment operators shall not throw exceptions.

Placeholders should be defined as:

inline constexpr unspecified _1{};

If they are not, they shall be declared as:

extern unspecified _1;

23.14.12 Function template mem_­fn [func.memfn]

template<class R, class T> unspecified mem_fn(R T::* pm) noexcept;

Returns: A simple call wrapper fn such that the expression fn(t, a2, ..., aN) is equivalent to INVOKE(pm, t, a2, ..., aN) ([func.require]).

23.14.13 Polymorphic function wrappers [func.wrap]

This subclause describes a polymorphic wrapper class that encapsulates arbitrary callable objects.

23.14.13.1 Class bad_­function_­call [func.wrap.badcall]

An exception of type bad_­function_­call is thrown by function​::​operator() ([func.wrap.func.inv]) when the function wrapper object has no target.

namespace std {
  class bad_function_call : public exception {
  public:
    // [func.wrap.badcall.const], constructor
    bad_function_call() noexcept;
  };
}

23.14.13.1.1 bad_­function_­call constructor [func.wrap.badcall.const]

bad_function_call() noexcept;

Effects: Constructs a bad_­function_­call object.

Postconditions: what() returns an implementation-defined ntbs.

23.14.13.2 Class template function [func.wrap.func]

namespace std {
  template<class> class function; // not defined

  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
  class function<R(ArgTypes...)> {
  public:
    using result_type = R;

    // [func.wrap.func.con], construct/copy/destroy
    function() noexcept;
    function(nullptr_t) noexcept;
    function(const function&);
    function(function&&);
    template<class F> function(F);

    function& operator=(const function&);
    function& operator=(function&&);
    function& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
    template<class F> function& operator=(F&&);
    template<class F> function& operator=(reference_wrapper<F>) noexcept;

    ~function();

    // [func.wrap.func.mod], function modifiers
    void swap(function&) noexcept;

    // [func.wrap.func.cap], function capacity
    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;

    // [func.wrap.func.inv], function invocation
    R operator()(ArgTypes...) const;

    // [func.wrap.func.targ], function target access
    const type_info& target_type() const noexcept;
    template<class T>       T* target() noexcept;
    template<class T> const T* target() const noexcept;
  };

  template<class R, class... ArgTypes>
    function(R(*)(ArgTypes...)) -> function<R(ArgTypes...)>;

  template<class F> function(F) -> function<see below>;

  // [func.wrap.func.nullptr], Null pointer comparisons
  template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator==(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;

  template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator==(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;

  template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator!=(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, nullptr_t) noexcept;

  template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
    bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;

  // [func.wrap.func.alg], specialized algorithms
  template <class R, class... ArgTypes>
    void swap(function<R(ArgTypes...)>&, function<R(ArgTypes...)>&) noexcept;
}

The function class template provides polymorphic wrappers that generalize the notion of a function pointer. Wrappers can store, copy, and call arbitrary callable objects, given a call signature, allowing functions to be first-class objects.

A callable type F is Lvalue-Callable for argument types ArgTypes and return type R if the expression INVOKE<R>(declval<F&>(), declval<ArgTypes>()...), considered as an unevaluated operand, is well formed ([func.require]).

The function class template is a call wrapper whose call signature is R(ArgTypes...).

[Note: The types deduced by the deduction guides for function may change in future versions of this International Standard. end note]

23.14.13.2.1 function construct/copy/destroy [func.wrap.func.con]

function() noexcept;

Postconditions: !*this.

function(nullptr_t) noexcept;

Postconditions: !*this.

function(const function& f);

Postconditions: !*this if !f; otherwise, *this targets a copy of f.target().

Throws: shall not throw exceptions if f's target is a specialization of reference_­wrapper or a function pointer. Otherwise, may throw bad_­alloc or any exception thrown by the copy constructor of the stored callable object. [Note: Implementations are encouraged to avoid the use of dynamically allocated memory for small callable objects, for example, where f's target is an object holding only a pointer or reference to an object and a member function pointer. end note]

function(function&& f);

Postconditions: If !f, *this has no target; otherwise, the target of *this is equivalent to the target of f before the construction, and f is in a valid state with an unspecified value.

Throws: shall not throw exceptions if f's target is a specialization of reference_­wrapper or a function pointer. Otherwise, may throw bad_­alloc or any exception thrown by the copy or move constructor of the stored callable object. [Note: Implementations are encouraged to avoid the use of dynamically allocated memory for small callable objects, for example, where f's target is an object holding only a pointer or reference to an object and a member function pointer. end note]

template<class F> function(F f);

Requires: F shall be CopyConstructible.

Remarks: This constructor template shall not participate in overload resolution unless F is Lvalue-Callable for argument types ArgTypes... and return type R.

Postconditions: !*this if any of the following hold:

  • f is a null function pointer value.

  • f is a null member pointer value.

  • F is an instance of the function class template, and !f.

Otherwise, *this targets a copy of f initialized with std​::​move(f). [Note: Implementations are encouraged to avoid the use of dynamically allocated memory for small callable objects, for example, where f is an object holding only a pointer or reference to an object and a member function pointer. end note]

Throws: shall not throw exceptions when f is a function pointer or a reference_­wrapper<T> for some T. Otherwise, may throw bad_­alloc or any exception thrown by F's copy or move constructor.

template<class F> function(F) -> function<see below>;

Remarks: This deduction guide participates in overload resolution only if &F​::​operator() is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand. In that case, if decltype(&F​::​operator()) is of the form R(G​::​*)(A...) cv &opt noexceptopt for a class type G, then the deduced type is function<R(A...)>.

[Example:

void f() {
  int i{5};
  function g = [&](double) { return i; }; // deduces function<int(double)>
}

end example]

function& operator=(const function& f);

Effects: As if by function(f).swap(*this);

Returns: *this.

function& operator=(function&& f);

Effects: Replaces the target of *this with the target of f.

Returns: *this.

function& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;

Effects: If *this != nullptr, destroys the target of this.

Postconditions: !(*this).

Returns: *this.

template<class F> function& operator=(F&& f);

Effects: As if by: function(std​::​forward<F>(f)).swap(*this);

Returns: *this.

Remarks: This assignment operator shall not participate in overload resolution unless decay_­t<F> is Lvalue-Callable for argument types ArgTypes... and return type R.

template<class F> function& operator=(reference_wrapper<F> f) noexcept;

Effects: As if by: function(f).swap(*this);

Returns: *this.

~function();

Effects: If *this != nullptr, destroys the target of this.

23.14.13.2.2 function modifiers [func.wrap.func.mod]

void swap(function& other) noexcept;

Effects: interchanges the targets of *this and other.

23.14.13.2.3 function capacity [func.wrap.func.cap]

explicit operator bool() const noexcept;

Returns: true if *this has a target, otherwise false.

23.14.13.2.4 function invocation [func.wrap.func.inv]

R operator()(ArgTypes... args) const;

Returns: INVOKE<R>(f, std​::​forward<ArgTypes>(args)...) ([func.require]), where f is the target object of *this.

Throws: bad_­function_­call if !*this; otherwise, any exception thrown by the wrapped callable object.

23.14.13.2.5 function target access [func.wrap.func.targ]

const type_info& target_type() const noexcept;

Returns: If *this has a target of type T, typeid(T); otherwise, typeid(void).

template<class T> T* target() noexcept; template<class T> const T* target() const noexcept;

Returns: If target_­type() == typeid(T) a pointer to the stored function target; otherwise a null pointer.

23.14.13.2.6 null pointer comparison functions [func.wrap.func.nullptr]

template <class R, class... ArgTypes> bool operator==(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>& f, nullptr_t) noexcept; template <class R, class... ArgTypes> bool operator==(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>& f) noexcept;

Returns: !f.

template <class R, class... ArgTypes> bool operator!=(const function<R(ArgTypes...)>& f, nullptr_t) noexcept; template <class R, class... ArgTypes> bool operator!=(nullptr_t, const function<R(ArgTypes...)>& f) noexcept;

Returns: (bool)f.

23.14.13.2.7 specialized algorithms [func.wrap.func.alg]

template<class R, class... ArgTypes> void swap(function<R(ArgTypes...)>& f1, function<R(ArgTypes...)>& f2) noexcept;

Effects: As if by: f1.swap(f2);

23.14.14 Searchers [func.search]

This subclause provides function object types for operations that search for a sequence [pat_first, pat_­last) in another sequence [first, last) that is provided to the object's function call operator. The first sequence (the pattern to be searched for) is provided to the object's constructor, and the second (the sequence to be searched) is provided to the function call operator.

Each specialization of a class template specified in this subclause [func.search] shall meet the CopyConstructible and CopyAssignable requirements. Template parameters named

  • ForwardIterator,

  • ForwardIterator1,

  • ForwardIterator2,

  • RandomAccessIterator,

  • RandomAccessIterator1,

  • RandomAccessIterator2, and

  • BinaryPredicate

of templates specified in this subclause [func.search] shall meet the same requirements and semantics as specified in [algorithms.general]. Template parameters named Hash shall meet the requirements as specified in [hash.requirements].

The Boyer-Moore searcher implements the Boyer-Moore search algorithm. The Boyer-Moore-Horspool searcher implements the Boyer-Moore-Horspool search algorithm. In general, the Boyer-Moore searcher will use more memory and give better runtime performance than Boyer-Moore-Horspool.

23.14.14.1 Class template default_­searcher [func.search.default]

template <class ForwardIterator1, class BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
  class default_searcher {
  public:
    default_searcher(ForwardIterator1 pat_first, ForwardIterator1 pat_last,
                     BinaryPredicate pred = BinaryPredicate());

    template <class ForwardIterator2>
      pair<ForwardIterator2, ForwardIterator2>
        operator()(ForwardIterator2 first, ForwardIterator2 last) const;

  private:
    ForwardIterator1 pat_first_;        // exposition only
    ForwardIterator1 pat_last_;         // exposition only
    BinaryPredicate pred_;              // exposition only
  };

default_searcher(ForwardIterator pat_first, ForwardIterator pat_last, BinaryPredicate pred = BinaryPredicate());

Effects: Constructs a default_­searcher object, initializing pat_­first_­ with pat_­first, pat_­last_­ with pat_­last, and pred_­ with pred.

Throws: Any exception thrown by the copy constructor of BinaryPredicate or ForwardIterator1.

template<class ForwardIterator2> pair<ForwardIterator2, ForwardIterator2> operator()(ForwardIterator2 first, ForwardIterator2 last) const;

Effects: Returns a pair of iterators i and j such that

  • i == search(first, last, pat_­first_­, pat_­last_­, pred_­), and

  • if i == last, then j == last, otherwise j == next(i, distance(pat_­first_­, pat_­last_­)).

23.14.14.2 Class template boyer_­moore_­searcher [func.search.bm]

template <class RandomAccessIterator1,
          class Hash = hash<typename iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type>,
          class BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
  class boyer_moore_searcher {
  public:
    boyer_moore_searcher(RandomAccessIterator1 pat_first,
                         RandomAccessIterator1 pat_last,
                         Hash hf = Hash(),
                         BinaryPredicate pred = BinaryPredicate());

    template <class RandomAccessIterator2>
      pair<RandomAccessIterator2, RandomAccessIterator2>
        operator()(RandomAccessIterator2 first, RandomAccessIterator2 last) const;

  private:
    RandomAccessIterator1 pat_first_;   // exposition only
    RandomAccessIterator1 pat_last_;    // exposition only
    Hash hash_;                         // exposition only
    BinaryPredicate pred_;              // exposition only
  };

boyer_moore_searcher(RandomAccessIterator1 pat_first, RandomAccessIterator1 pat_last, Hash hf = Hash(), BinaryPredicate pred = BinaryPredicate());

Requires: The value type of RandomAccessIterator1 shall meet the DefaultConstructible requirements, the CopyConstructible requirements, and the CopyAssignable requirements.

Requires: For any two values A and B of the type iterator_­traits<RandomAccessIterator1>​::​value_­type, if pred(A, B) == true, then hf(A) == hf(B) shall be true.

Effects: Constructs a boyer_­moore_­searcher object, initializing pat_­first_­ with pat_­first, pat_­last_­ with pat_­last, hash_­ with hf, and pred_­ with pred.

Throws: Any exception thrown by the copy constructor of RandomAccessIterator1, or by the default constructor, copy constructor, or the copy assignment operator of the value type of RandomAccessIterator1, or the copy constructor or operator() of BinaryPredicate or Hash. May throw bad_­alloc if additional memory needed for internal data structures cannot be allocated.

template <class RandomAccessIterator2> pair<RandomAccessIterator2, RandomAccessIterator2> operator()(RandomAccessIterator2 first, RandomAccessIterator2 last) const;

Requires: RandomAccessIterator1 and RandomAccessIterator2 shall have the same value type.

Effects: Finds a subsequence of equal values in a sequence.

Returns: A pair of iterators i and j such that

  • i is the first iterator in the range [first, last - (pat_­last_­ - pat_­first_­)) such that for every non-negative integer n less than pat_­last_­ - pat_­first_­ the following condition holds: pred(*(i + n), *(pat_­first_­ + n)) != false, and

  • j == next(i, distance(pat_­first_­, pat_­last_­)).

Returns make_­pair(first, first) if [pat_­first_­, pat_­last_­) is empty, otherwise returns make_­pair(last, last) if no such iterator is found.

Complexity: At most (last - first) * (pat_­last_­ - pat_­first_­) applications of the predicate.

23.14.14.3 Class template boyer_­moore_­horspool_­searcher [func.search.bmh]

template <class RandomAccessIterator1,
          class Hash = hash<typename iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator1>::value_type>,
          class BinaryPredicate = equal_to<>>
  class boyer_moore_horspool_searcher {
  public:
    boyer_moore_horspool_searcher(RandomAccessIterator1 pat_first,
                                  RandomAccessIterator1 pat_last,
                                  Hash hf = Hash(),
                                  BinaryPredicate pred = BinaryPredicate());

    template <class RandomAccessIterator2>
      pair<RandomAccessIterator2, RandomAccessIterator2>
        operator()(RandomAccessIterator2 first, RandomAccessIterator2 last) const;

  private:
    RandomAccessIterator1 pat_first_;   // exposition only
    RandomAccessIterator1 pat_last_;    // exposition only
    Hash hash_;                         // exposition only
    BinaryPredicate pred_;              // exposition only
  };

boyer_moore_horspool_searcher(RandomAccessIterator1 pat_first, RandomAccessIterator1 pat_last, Hash hf = Hash(), BinaryPredicate pred = BinaryPredicate());

Requires: The value type of RandomAccessIterator1 shall meet the DefaultConstructible, CopyConstructible, and CopyAssignable requirements.

Requires: For any two values A and B of the type iterator_­traits<RandomAccessIterator1>​::​value_­type, if pred(A, B) == true, then hf(A) == hf(B) shall be true.

Effects: Constructs a boyer_­moore_­horspool_­searcher object, initializing pat_­first_­ with pat_­first, pat_­last_­ with pat_­last, hash_­ with hf, and pred_­ with pred.

Throws: Any exception thrown by the copy constructor of RandomAccessIterator1, or by the default constructor, copy constructor, or the copy assignment operator of the value type of RandomAccessIterator1 or the copy constructor or operator() of BinaryPredicate or Hash. May throw bad_­alloc if additional memory needed for internal data structures cannot be allocated.

template <class RandomAccessIterator2> pair<RandomAccessIterator2, RandomAccessIterator2> operator()(RandomAccessIterator2 first, RandomAccessIterator2 last) const;

Requires: RandomAccessIterator1 and RandomAccessIterator2 shall have the same value type.

Effects: Finds a subsequence of equal values in a sequence.

Returns: A pair of iterators i and j such that

  • i is the first iterator i in the range [first, last - (pat_­last_­ - pat_­first_­)) such that for every non-negative integer n less than pat_­last_­ - pat_­first_­ the following condition holds: pred(*(i + n), *(pat_­first_­ + n)) != false, and

  • j == next(i, distance(pat_­first_­, pat_­last_­)).

Returns make_­pair(first, first) if [pat_­first_­, pat_­last_­) is empty, otherwise returns make_­pair(last, last) if no such iterator is found.

Complexity: At most (last - first) * (pat_­last_­ - pat_­first_­) applications of the predicate.

23.14.15 Class template hash [unord.hash]

The unordered associative containers defined in [unord] use specializations of the class template hash ([functional.syn]) as the default hash function.

Each specialization of hash is either enabled or disabled, as described below. [Note: Enabled specializations meet the requirements of Hash, and disabled specializations do not. end note] Each header that declares the template hash provides enabled specializations of hash for nullptr_­t and all cv-unqualified arithmetic, enumeration, and pointer types. For any type Key for which neither the library nor the user provides an explicit or partial specialization of the class template hash, hash<Key> is disabled.

If the library provides an explicit or partial specialization of hash<Key>, that specialization is enabled except as noted otherwise, and its member functions are noexcept except as noted otherwise.

If H is a disabled specialization of hash, these values are false: is_­default_­constructible_­v<H>, is_­copy_­constructible_­v<H>, is_­move_­constructible_­v<H>, is_­copy_­assignable_­v<H>, and is_­move_­assignable_­v<H>. Disabled specializations of hash are not function object types. [Note: This means that the specialization of hash exists, but any attempts to use it as a Hash will be ill-formed. end note]

An enabled specialization hash<Key> will:

  • satisfy the Hash requirements, with Key as the function call argument type, the DefaultConstructible requirements, the CopyAssignable requirements,

  • be swappable for lvalues,

  • satisfy the requirement that if k1 == k2 is true, h(k1) == h(k2) is also true, where h is an object of type hash<Key> and k1 and k2 are objects of type Key;

  • satisfy the requirement that the expression h(k), where h is an object of type hash<Key> and k is an object of type Key, shall not throw an exception unless hash<Key> is a user-defined specialization that depends on at least one user-defined type.