22 Containers library [containers]

22.2 Container requirements [container.requirements]

22.2.1 General container requirements [container.requirements.general]

Containers are objects that store other objects.

They control allocation and deallocation of these objects through constructors, destructors, insert and erase operations.

All of the complexity requirements in this Clause are stated solely in terms of the number of operations on the contained objects.

[Example 1:

The copy constructor of type vector<vector<int>> has linear complexity, even though the complexity of copying each contained vector<int> is itself linear.

— end example]

For the components affected by this subclause that declare an allocator_type, objects stored in these components shall be constructed using the function allocator_traits<allocator_type>::rebind_traits<U>::construct and destroyed using the function allocator_traits<allocator_type>::rebind_traits<U>::destroy, where U is either allocator_type::value_type or an internal type used by the container.

These functions are called only for the container's element type, not for internal types used by the container.

[Note 1:

This means, for example, that a node-based container might need to construct nodes containing aligned buffers and call construct to place the element into the buffer.

— end note]

In Tables 73, 74, and 75 X denotes a container class containing objects of type T, a and b denote values of type X, i and j denote values of type (possibly const) X::iterator, u denotes an identifier, r denotes a non-const value of type X, and rv denotes a non-const rvalue of type X.

Table 73: Container requirements [tab:container.req]

🔗	Expression	Return type	Operational	Assertion/note	Complexity
🔗			semantics	pre-/post-condition
🔗	X::value_type	T		Preconditions: T is Cpp17Erasable from X (see [container.requirements.general], below)	compile time
🔗	X::reference	T&			compile time
🔗	X::const_reference	const T&			compile time
🔗	X::iterator	iterator type whose value type is T		any iterator category that meets the forward iterator requirements. convertible to X::const_iterator.	compile time
🔗	X::const_iterator	constant iterator type whose value type is T		any iterator category that meets the forward iterator requirements.	compile time
🔗	X::difference_type	signed integer type		is identical to the difference type of X::iterator and X::const_iterator	compile time
🔗	X::size_type	unsigned integer type		size_type can represent any non-negative value of difference_type	compile time
🔗	X u;			Postconditions: u.empty()	constant
🔗	X()			Postconditions: X().empty()	constant
🔗	X(a)			Preconditions: T is Cpp17CopyInsertable into X (see below). Postconditions: a == X(a).	linear
🔗	X u(a); X u = a;			Preconditions: T is Cpp17CopyInsertable into X (see below). Postconditions: u == a	linear
🔗	X u(rv); X u = rv;			Postconditions: u is equal to the value that rv had before this construction	(Note B)
🔗	a = rv	X&	All existing elements of a are either move assigned to or destroyed	Postconditions: a is equal to the value that rv had before this assignment	linear
🔗	a.~X()	void		Effects: destroys every element of a; any memory obtained is deallocated.	linear
🔗	a.begin()	iterator; const_iterator for constant a			constant
🔗	a.end()	iterator; const_iterator for constant a			constant
🔗	a.cbegin()	const_iterator	const_cast<X const&>(a).begin();		constant
🔗	a.cend()	const_iterator	const_cast<X const&>(a).end();		constant
🔗	i <=> j	strong_ordering		Constraints: X::iterator meets the random access iterator requirements.	constant
🔗	a == b	convertible to bool	== is an equivalence relation. equal(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), b.end())	Preconditions: T meets the Cpp17EqualityComparable requirements	Constant if a.size() != b.size(), linear otherwise
🔗	a != b	convertible to bool	Equivalent to !(a == b)		linear
🔗	a.swap(b)	void		Effects: exchanges the contents of a and b	(Note A)
🔗	swap(a, b)	void	Equivalent to a.swap(b)		(Note A)
🔗	r = a	X&		Postconditions: r == a.	linear
🔗	a.size()	size_type	distance(a.begin(), a.end())		constant
🔗	a.max_size()	size_type	distance(begin(), end()) for the largest possible container		constant
🔗	a.empty()	convertible to bool	a.begin() == a.end()		constant

Those entries marked “(Note A)” or “(Note B)” have linear complexity for array and have constant complexity for all other standard containers.

[Note 2:

The algorithm equal is defined in [algorithms].

— end note]

The member function size() returns the number of elements in the container.

The number of elements is defined by the rules of constructors, inserts, and erases.

begin() returns an iterator referring to the first element in the container.

end() returns an iterator which is the past-the-end value for the container.

If the container is empty, then begin() == end().

In the expressions i == j i != j i < j i <= j i >= j i > j i <=> j i - j where i and j denote objects of a container's iterator type, either or both may be replaced by an object of the container's const_iterator type referring to the same element with no change in semantics.

Unless otherwise specified, all containers defined in this Clause obtain memory using an allocator (see [allocator.requirements]).

[Note 3:

In particular, containers and iterators do not store references to allocated elements other than through the allocator's pointer type, i.e., as objects of type P or pointer_traits<P>::template rebind<unspecified>, where P is allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer.

— end note]

Copy constructors for these container types obtain an allocator by calling allocator_traits<allocator_type>::select_on_container_copy_construction on the allocator belonging to the container being copied.

Move constructors obtain an allocator by move construction from the allocator belonging to the container being moved.

Such move construction of the allocator shall not exit via an exception.

All other constructors for these container types take a const allocator_type& argument.

[Note 4:

If an invocation of a constructor uses the default value of an optional allocator argument, then the allocator type must support value-initialization.

— end note]

A copy of this allocator is used for any memory allocation and element construction performed, by these constructors and by all member functions, during the lifetime of each container object or until the allocator is replaced.

The allocator may be replaced only via assignment or swap().

Allocator replacement is performed by copy assignment, move assignment, or swapping of the allocator only if

(8.1)
allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value,
(8.2)
allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment::value, or
(8.3)
allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value

is true within the implementation of the corresponding container operation.

In all container types defined in this Clause, the member get_allocator() returns a copy of the allocator used to construct the container or, if that allocator has been replaced, a copy of the most recent replacement.

The expression a.swap(b), for containers a and b of a standard container type other than array, shall exchange the values of a and b without invoking any move, copy, or swap operations on the individual container elements.

Lvalues of any Compare, Pred, or Hash types belonging to a and b shall be swappable and shall be exchanged by calling swap as described in [swappable.requirements].

If allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value is true, then lvalues of type allocator_type shall be swappable and the allocators of a and b shall also be exchanged by calling swap as described in [swappable.requirements].

Otherwise, the allocators shall not be swapped, and the behavior is undefined unless a.get_allocator() == b.get_allocator().

Every iterator referring to an element in one container before the swap shall refer to the same element in the other container after the swap.

It is unspecified whether an iterator with value a.end() before the swap will have value b.end() after the swap.

If the iterator type of a container belongs to the bidirectional or random access iterator categories, the container is called reversible and meets the additional requirements in Table 74 .

Table 74: Reversible container requirements [tab:container.rev.req]

🔗	Expression	Return type	Assertion/note	Complexity
🔗			pre-/post-condition
🔗	X::reverse_iterator	iterator type whose value type is T	reverse_iterator<iterator>	compile time
🔗	X::const_reverse_iterator	constant iterator type whose value type is T	reverse_iterator<const_iterator>	compile time
🔗	a.rbegin()	reverse_iterator; const_reverse_iterator for constant a	reverse_iterator(end())	constant
🔗	a.rend()	reverse_iterator; const_reverse_iterator for constant a	reverse_iterator(begin())	constant
🔗	a.crbegin()	const_reverse_iterator	const_cast<X const&>(a).rbegin()	constant
🔗	a.crend()	const_reverse_iterator	const_cast<X const&>(a).rend()	constant

Unless otherwise specified (see [associative.reqmts.except], [unord.req.except], [deque.modifiers], and [vector.modifiers]) all container types defined in this Clause meet the following additional requirements:

(11.1)
if an exception is thrown by an insert() or emplace() function while inserting a single element, that function has no effects.
(11.2)
if an exception is thrown by a push_back(), push_front(), emplace_back(), or emplace_front() function, that function has no effects.
(11.3)
no erase(), clear(), pop_back() or pop_front() function throws an exception.
(11.4)
no copy constructor or assignment operator of a returned iterator throws an exception.
(11.5)
no swap() function throws an exception.
(11.6)
no swap() function invalidates any references, pointers, or iterators referring to the elements of the containers being swapped.

[Note 5:
The end() iterator does not refer to any element, so it can be invalidated.
— end note]

Unless otherwise specified (either explicitly or by defining a function in terms of other functions), invoking a container member function or passing a container as an argument to a library function shall not invalidate iterators to, or change the values of, objects within that container.

A contiguous container is a container whose member types iterator and const_iterator meet the Cpp17RandomAccessIterator requirements ([random.access.iterators]) and model contiguous_iterator ([iterator.concept.contiguous]).

Table 75 lists operations that are provided for some types of containers but not others.

Those containers for which the listed operations are provided shall implement the semantics described in Table 75 unless otherwise stated.

If the iterators passed to lexicographical_compare_three_way meet the constexpr iterator requirements ([iterator.requirements.general]) then the operations described in Table 75 are implemented by constexpr functions.

Table 75: Optional container operations [tab:container.opt]

🔗	Expression	Return type	Operational	Assertion/note	Complexity
🔗			semantics	pre-/post-condition
🔗	a <=> b	synth-three-way-result<value_type>	lexicographical_compare_three_way(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), b.end(), synth-three-way)	Preconditions: Either <=> is defined for values of type (possibly const) T, or < is defined for values of type (possibly const) T and < is a total ordering relationship.	linear

[Note 6:

The algorithm lexicographical_compare_three_way is defined in [algorithms].

— end note]

All of the containers defined in this Clause and in [basic.string] except array meet the additional requirements of an allocator-aware container, as described in Table 76 .

Given an allocator type A and given a container type X having a value_type identical to T and an allocator_type identical to allocator_traits<A>::rebind_alloc<T> and given an lvalue m of type A, a pointer p of type T*, an expression v of type (possibly const) T, and an rvalue rv of type T, the following terms are defined.

If X is not allocator-aware, the terms below are defined as if A were allocator<T> — no allocator object needs to be created and user specializations of allocator<T> are not instantiated:

(16.1)
T is Cpp17DefaultInsertable into X means that the following expression is well-formed: allocator_traits<A>::construct(m, p)
(16.2)
An element of X is default-inserted if it is initialized by evaluation of the expression allocator_traits<A>::construct(m, p) where p is the address of the uninitialized storage for the element allocated within X.
(16.3)
T is Cpp17MoveInsertable into X means that the following expression is well-formed: allocator_traits<A>::construct(m, p, rv) and its evaluation causes the following postcondition to hold: The value of *p is equivalent to the value of rv before the evaluation.
[Note 7:
rv remains a valid object.

Its state is unspecified
— end note]
(16.4)
T is Cpp17CopyInsertable into X means that, in addition to T being Cpp17MoveInsertable into X, the following expression is well-formed: allocator_traits<A>::construct(m, p, v) and its evaluation causes the following postcondition to hold: The value of v is unchanged and is equivalent to *p.
(16.5)
T is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into X from args, for zero or more arguments args, means that the following expression is well-formed: allocator_traits<A>::construct(m, p, args)
(16.6)
T is Cpp17Erasable from X means that the following expression is well-formed: allocator_traits<A>::destroy(m, p)

[Note 8:

A container calls allocator_traits<A>::construct(m, p, args) to construct an element at p using args, with m == get_allocator().

The default construct in allocator will call ::new((void*)p) T(args), but specialized allocators can choose a different definition.

— end note]

In Table 76, X denotes an allocator-aware container class with a value_type of T using allocator of type A, u denotes a variable, a and b denote non-const lvalues of type X, t denotes an lvalue or a const rvalue of type X, rv denotes a non-const rvalue of type X, and m is a value of type A.

Table 76: Allocator-aware container requirements [tab:container.alloc.req]

🔗	Expression	Return type	Assertion/note	Complexity
🔗			pre-/post-condition
🔗	allocator_type	A	Mandates: allocator_type::value_type is the same as X::value_type.	compile time
🔗	get_- allocator()	A		constant
🔗	X() X u;		Preconditions: A meets the Cpp17DefaultConstructible requirements. Postconditions: u.empty() returns true, u.get_allocator() == A()	constant
🔗	X(m)		Postconditions: u.empty() returns true,	constant
🔗	X u(m);		u.get_allocator() == m
🔗	X(t, m) X u(t, m);		Preconditions: T is Cpp17CopyInsertable into X. Postconditions: u == t, u.get_allocator() == m	linear
🔗	X(rv) X u(rv);		Postconditions: u has the same elements as rv had before this construction; the value of u.get_allocator() is the same as the value of rv.get_allocator() before this construction.	constant
🔗	X(rv, m) X u(rv, m);		Preconditions: T is Cpp17MoveInsertable into X. Postconditions: u has the same elements, or copies of the elements, that rv had before this construction, u.get_allocator() == m	constant if m == rv.get_allocator(), otherwise linear
🔗	a = t	X&	Preconditions: T is Cpp17CopyInsertable into X and Cpp17CopyAssignable. Postconditions: a == t	linear
🔗	a = rv	X&	Preconditions: If allocator_- traits<allocator_type> ::propagate_on_container_- move_assignment::value is false, T is Cpp17MoveInsertable into X and Cpp17MoveAssignable. Effects: All existing elements of a are either move assigned to or destroyed. Postconditions: a is equal to the value that rv had before this assignment.	linear
🔗	a.swap(b)	void	Effects: exchanges the contents of a and b	constant

The behavior of certain container member functions and deduction guides depends on whether types qualify as input iterators or allocators.

The extent to which an implementation determines that a type cannot be an input iterator is unspecified, except that as a minimum integral types shall not qualify as input iterators.

Likewise, the extent to which an implementation determines that a type cannot be an allocator is unspecified, except that as a minimum a type A shall not qualify as an allocator unless it meets both of the following conditions:

(18.1)
The qualified-id A::value_type is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]).
(18.2)
The expression declval<A&>().allocate(size_t{}) is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated operand.