13 Templates [temp]

13.7 Template declarations [temp.decls]

13.7.2 Class templates [temp.class]

13.7.2.1 General [temp.class.general]

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A class template defines the layout and operations for an unbounded set of related types.
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[Example 1:
A single class template List might provide an unbounded set of class definitions: one class List<T> for every type T, each describing a linked list of elements of type T.
Similarly, a class template Array describing a contiguous, dynamic array might be defined like this: template<class T> class Array { T* v; int sz; public: explicit Array(int); T& operator[](int); T& elem(int i) { return v[i]; } };
The prefix template<class T> specifies that a template is being declared and that a type-name T may be used in the declaration.
In other words, Array is a parameterized type with T as its parameter.
— end example]
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When a member function, a member class, a member enumeration, a static data member or a member template of a class template is defined outside of the class template definition, the member definition is defined as a template definition in which the template-head is equivalent to that of the class template ([temp.over.link]).
The names of the template parameters used in the definition of the member may be different from the template parameter names used in the class template definition.
The template argument list following the class template name in the member definition shall name the parameters in the same order as the one used in the template parameter list of the member.
Each template parameter pack shall be expanded with an ellipsis in the template argument list.
[Example 2: template<class T1, class T2> struct A { void f1(); void f2(); }; template<class T2, class T1> void A<T2,T1>::f1() { } // OK template<class T2, class T1> void A<T1,T2>::f2() { } // error
template<class ... Types> struct B { void f3(); void f4(); }; template<class ... Types> void B<Types ...>::f3() { } // OK template<class ... Types> void B<Types>::f4() { } // error
template<typename T> concept C = true; template<typename T> concept D = true; template<C T> struct S { void f(); void g(); void h(); template<D U> struct Inner; }; template<C A> void S<A>::f() { } // OK: template-heads match template<typename T> void S<T>::g() { } // error: no matching declaration for S<T> template<typename T> requires C<T> // ill-formed, no diagnostic required: template-heads are void S<T>::h() { } // functionally equivalent but not equivalent template<C X> template<D Y> struct S<X>::Inner { }; // OK — end example]
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In a redeclaration, partial specialization, explicit specialization or explicit instantiation of a class template, the class-key shall agree in kind with the original class template declaration ([dcl.type.elab]).