Annex C (informative) Compatibility [diff]

C.3 C++ and ISO C++ 2011 [diff.cpp11]

C.3.1 General [diff.cpp11.general]

Subclause [diff.cpp11] lists the differences between C++ and ISO C++ 2011 (ISO/IEC 14882:2011, Programming Languages — C++), in addition to those listed above, by the chapters of this document.

C.3.2 [lex]: lexical conventions [diff.cpp11.lex]

Affected subclause: [lex.ppnumber]
Change: pp-number can contain one or more single quotes.

Rationale: Necessary to enable single quotes as digit separators.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2011 code may fail to compile or may change meaning in this revision of C++.
For example, the following code is valid both in C++ 2011 and in this revision of C++, but the macro invocation produces different outcomes because the single quotes delimit a character-literal in C++ 2011, whereas they are digit separators in this revision of C++: #define M(x, ...) __VA_ARGS__ int x[2] = { M(1'2,3'4, 5) }; // int x[2] = { 5 };      --- C++ 2011 // int x[2] = { 3'4, 5 }; --- this revision of C++

C.3.3 [basic]: basics [diff.cpp11.basic]

Affected subclause: [basic.stc.dynamic.deallocation]
Change: New usual (non-placement) deallocator.

Rationale: Required for sized deallocation.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2011 code could declare a global placement allocation function and deallocation function as follows: void* operator new(std::size_t, std::size_t); void operator delete(void*, std::size_t) noexcept;
In this revision of C++, however, the declaration of operator delete might match a predefined usual (non-placement) operator delete ([basic.stc.dynamic]).
If so, the program is ill-formed, as it was for class member allocation functions and deallocation functions ([expr.new]).

C.3.4 [expr]: expressions [diff.cpp11.expr]

Affected subclause: [expr.cond]
Change: A conditional expression with a throw expression as its second or third operand keeps the type and value category of the other operand.

Rationale: Formerly mandated conversions (lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and function-to-pointer standard conversions), especially the creation of the temporary due to lvalue-to-rvalue conversion, were considered gratuitous and surprising.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2011 code that relies on the conversions may behave differently in this revision of C++: struct S { int x = 1; void mf() { x = 2; } }; int f(bool cond) { S s; (cond ? s : throw 0).mf(); return s.x; }
In C++ 2011, f(true) returns 1.
In this revision of C++, it returns 2.
sizeof(true ? "" : throw 0)
In C++ 2011, the expression yields sizeof(const char*).
In this revision of C++, it yields sizeof(const char[1]).

C.3.5 [dcl.dcl]: declarations [diff.cpp11.dcl.dcl]

Affected subclause: [dcl.constexpr]
Change: constexpr non-static member functions are not implicitly const member functions.

Rationale: Necessary to allow constexpr member functions to mutate the object.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2011 code may fail to compile in this revision of C++.
For example, the following code is valid in C++ 2011 but invalid in this revision of C++ because it declares the same member function twice with different return types: struct S { constexpr const int &f(); int &f(); };
Affected subclause: [dcl.init.aggr]
Change: Classes with default member initializers can be aggregates.

Rationale: Necessary to allow default member initializers to be used by aggregate initialization.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2011 code may fail to compile or may change meaning in this revision of C++.
For example: struct S { // Aggregate in C++ 2014 onwards. int m = 1; }; struct X { operator int(); operator S(); }; X a{}; S b{a}; // uses copy constructor in C++ 2011, // performs aggregate initialization in this revision of C++

C.3.6 [library]: library introduction [diff.cpp11.library]

Affected subclause: [headers]
Change: New header.

Rationale: New functionality.

Effect on original feature: The C++ header <shared_­mutex> is new.
Valid C++ 2011 code that #includes a header with that name may be invalid in this revision of C++.

C.3.7 [input.output]: input/output library [diff.cpp11.input.output]

Affected subclause: [c.files]
Change: gets is not defined.

Rationale: Use of gets is considered dangerous.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2011 code that uses the gets function may fail to compile in this revision of C++.