24 Ranges library [ranges]

24.5 Range utilities [range.utility]

The components in this subclause are general utilities for representing and manipulating ranges.

24.5.1 Helper concepts [range.utility.helpers]

Many of the types in subclause [range.utility] are specified in terms of the following exposition-only concepts:

template<class R>
  concept simple-view =                         // exposition only
    view<R> && range<const R> &&
    same_as<iterator_t<R>, iterator_t<const R>> &&
    same_as<sentinel_t<R>, sentinel_t<const R>>;

template<class I>
  concept has-arrow =                           // exposition only
    input_iterator<I> && (is_pointer_v<I> || requires(I i) { i.operator->(); });

template<class T, class U>
  concept not-same-as =                         // exposition only
    !same_as<remove_cvref_t<T>, remove_cvref_t<U>>;

24.5.2 View interface [view.interface]

The class template view_interface is a helper for defining view-like types that offer a container-like interface.

It is parameterized with the type that is derived from it.

namespace std::ranges {
  template<class D>
    requires is_class_v<D> && same_as<D, remove_cv_t<D>>
  class view_interface : public view_base {
  private:
    constexpr D& derived() noexcept {                   // exposition only
      return static_cast<D&>(*this);
    }
    constexpr const D& derived() const noexcept {       // exposition only
      return static_cast<const D&>(*this);
    }
  public:
    constexpr bool empty() requires forward_range<D> {
      return ranges::begin(derived()) == ranges::end(derived());
    }
    constexpr bool empty() const requires forward_range<const D> {
      return ranges::begin(derived()) == ranges::end(derived());
    }

    constexpr explicit operator bool()
      requires requires { ranges::empty(derived()); } {
        return !ranges::empty(derived());
      }
    constexpr explicit operator bool() const
      requires requires { ranges::empty(derived()); } {
        return !ranges::empty(derived());
      }

    constexpr auto data() requires contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<D>> {
      return to_address(ranges::begin(derived()));
    }
    constexpr auto data() const
      requires range<const D> && contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<const D>> {
        return to_address(ranges::begin(derived()));
      }

    constexpr auto size() requires forward_range<D> &&
      sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<D>, iterator_t<D>> {
        return ranges::end(derived()) - ranges::begin(derived());
      }
    constexpr auto size() const requires forward_range<const D> &&
      sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<const D>, iterator_t<const D>> {
        return ranges::end(derived()) - ranges::begin(derived());
      }

    constexpr decltype(auto) front() requires forward_range<D>;
    constexpr decltype(auto) front() const requires forward_range<const D>;

    constexpr decltype(auto) back() requires bidirectional_range<D> && common_range<D>;
    constexpr decltype(auto) back() const
      requires bidirectional_range<const D> && common_range<const D>;

    template<random_access_range R = D>
      constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](range_difference_t<R> n) {
        return ranges::begin(derived())[n];
      }
    template<random_access_range R = const D>
      constexpr decltype(auto) operator[](range_difference_t<R> n) const {
        return ranges::begin(derived())[n];
      }
  };
}

The template parameter D for view_interface may be an incomplete type.

Before any member of the resulting specialization of view_interface other than special member functions is referenced, D shall be complete, and model both derived_from<view_interface<D>> and view.

24.5.2.1 Members [view.interface.members]

🔗

constexpr decltype(auto) front() requires forward_range<D>;
constexpr decltype(auto) front() const requires forward_range<const D>;

Preconditions: !empty().

Effects: Equivalent to: return *ranges::begin(derived());

🔗

constexpr decltype(auto) back() requires bidirectional_range<D> && common_range<D>;
constexpr decltype(auto) back() const
  requires bidirectional_range<const D> && common_range<const D>;

Preconditions: !empty().

Effects: Equivalent to: return *ranges::prev(ranges::end(derived()));

24.5.3 Sub-ranges [range.subrange]

The subrange class template combines together an iterator and a sentinel into a single object that models the view concept.

Additionally, it models the sized_range concept when the final template parameter is subrange_kind::sized.

namespace std::ranges {
  template<class From, class To>
    concept convertible-to-non-slicing =                    // exposition only
      convertible_to<From, To> &&
      !(is_pointer_v<decay_t<From>> &&
        is_pointer_v<decay_t<To>> &&
        not-same-as<remove_pointer_t<decay_t<From>>, remove_pointer_t<decay_t<To>>>);

  template<class T>
    concept pair-like =                                     // exposition only
      !is_reference_v<T> && requires(T t) {
        typename tuple_size<T>::type;                       // ensures tuple_size<T> is complete
        requires derived_from<tuple_size<T>, integral_constant<size_t, 2>>;
        typename tuple_element_t<0, remove_const_t<T>>;
        typename tuple_element_t<1, remove_const_t<T>>;
        { get<0>(t) } -> convertible_to<const tuple_element_t<0, T>&>;
        { get<1>(t) } -> convertible_to<const tuple_element_t<1, T>&>;
      };

  template<class T, class U, class V>
    concept pair-like-convertible-from =                    // exposition only
      !range<T> && pair-like<T> &&
      constructible_from<T, U, V> &&
      convertible-to-non-slicing<U, tuple_element_t<0, T>> &&
      convertible_to<V, tuple_element_t<1, T>>;

  template<class T>
    concept iterator-sentinel-pair =                        // exposition only
      !range<T> && pair-like<T> &&
      sentinel_for<tuple_element_t<1, T>, tuple_element_t<0, T>>;

  template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S = I, subrange_kind K =
      sized_sentinel_for<S, I> ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized>
    requires (K == subrange_kind::sized || !sized_sentinel_for<S, I>)
  class subrange : public view_interface<subrange<I, S, K>> {
  private:
    static constexpr bool StoreSize =                           // exposition only
      K == subrange_kind::sized && !sized_sentinel_for<S, I>;
    I begin_ = I();                                             // exposition only
    S end_ = S();                                               // exposition only
    make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> size_ = 0;       // exposition only; present only
                                                                // when StoreSize is true
  public:
    subrange() = default;

    constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing<I> auto i, S s) requires (!StoreSize);

    constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing<I> auto i, S s,
                       make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> n)
      requires (K == subrange_kind::sized);

    template<not-same-as<subrange> R>
      requires borrowed_range<R> &&
               convertible-to-non-slicing<iterator_t<R>, I> &&
               convertible_to<sentinel_t<R>, S>
    constexpr subrange(R&& r) requires (!StoreSize || sized_range<R>);

    template<borrowed_range R>
      requires convertible-to-non-slicing<iterator_t<R>, I> &&
               convertible_to<sentinel_t<R>, S>
    constexpr subrange(R&& r, make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> n)
      requires (K == subrange_kind::sized)
        : subrange{ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), n}
    {}

    template<not-same-as<subrange> PairLike>
      requires pair-like-convertible-from<PairLike, const I&, const S&>
    constexpr operator PairLike() const;

    constexpr I begin() const requires copyable<I>;
    [[nodiscard]] constexpr I begin() requires (!copyable<I>);
    constexpr S end() const;

    constexpr bool empty() const;
    constexpr make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> size() const
      requires (K == subrange_kind::sized);

    [[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) const &
      requires forward_iterator<I>;
    [[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) &&;
    [[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange prev(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) const
      requires bidirectional_iterator<I>;
    constexpr subrange& advance(iter_difference_t<I> n);
  };

  template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S>
    subrange(I, S) -> subrange<I, S>;

  template<input_or_output_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S>
    subrange(I, S, make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>>) ->
      subrange<I, S, subrange_kind::sized>;

  template<iterator-sentinel-pair P>
    subrange(P) -> subrange<tuple_element_t<0, P>, tuple_element_t<1, P>>;

  template<iterator-sentinel-pair P>
    subrange(P, make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<tuple_element_t<0, P>>>) ->
      subrange<tuple_element_t<0, P>, tuple_element_t<1, P>, subrange_kind::sized>;

  template<borrowed_range R>
    subrange(R&&) ->
      subrange<iterator_t<R>, sentinel_t<R>,
               (sized_range<R> || sized_sentinel_for<sentinel_t<R>, iterator_t<R>>)
                 ? subrange_kind::sized : subrange_kind::unsized>;

  template<borrowed_range R>
    subrange(R&&, make-unsigned-like-t<range_difference_t<R>>) ->
      subrange<iterator_t<R>, sentinel_t<R>, subrange_kind::sized>;

  template<size_t N, class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
    requires (N < 2)
    constexpr auto get(const subrange<I, S, K>& r);

  template<size_t N, class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
    requires (N < 2)
    constexpr auto get(subrange<I, S, K>&& r);
}

namespace std {
  using ranges::get;
}

24.5.3.1 Constructors and conversions [range.subrange.ctor]

🔗

constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing<I> auto i, S s) requires (!StoreSize);

Preconditions: [i, s) is a valid range.

Effects: Initializes begin_ with std::move(i) and end_ with s.

🔗

constexpr subrange(convertible-to-non-slicing<I> auto i, S s,
                   make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> n)
  requires (K == subrange_kind::sized);

Preconditions: [i, s) is a valid range, and n == to-unsigned-like(ranges::distance(i, s)).

Effects: Initializes begin_ with std::move(i) and end_ with s.

If StoreSize is true, initializes size_ with n.

[ Note

Accepting the length of the range and storing it to later return from size() enables subrange to model sized_range even when it stores an iterator and sentinel that do not model sized_sentinel_for.

— end note

]

🔗

template<not-same-as<subrange> R>
  requires borrowed_range<R> &&
           convertible-to-non-slicing<iterator_t<R>, I> &&
           convertible_to<sentinel_t<R>, S>
constexpr subrange(R&& r) requires (!StoreSize || sized_range<R>);

Effects: Equivalent to:

(6.1)
If StoreSize is true, subrange{r, ranges::size(r)}.
(6.2)
Otherwise, subrange{ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r)}.

🔗

template<not-same-as<subrange> PairLike>
  requires pair-like-convertible-from<PairLike, const I&, const S&>
constexpr operator PairLike() const;

Effects: Equivalent to: return PairLike(begin_, end_);

24.5.3.2 Accessors [range.subrange.access]

🔗

constexpr I begin() const requires copyable<I>;

Effects: Equivalent to: return begin_;

🔗

[[nodiscard]] constexpr I begin() requires (!copyable<I>);

Effects: Equivalent to: return std::move(begin_);

🔗

constexpr S end() const;

Effects: Equivalent to: return end_;

🔗

constexpr bool empty() const;

Effects: Equivalent to: return begin_ == end_;

🔗

constexpr make-unsigned-like-t<iter_difference_t<I>> size() const
  requires (K == subrange_kind::sized);

Effects:

(5.1)
If StoreSize is true, equivalent to: return size_;
(5.2)
Otherwise, equivalent to: return to-unsigned-like(end_ - begin_);

🔗

[[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) const &
  requires forward_iterator<I>;

Effects: Equivalent to:

auto tmp = *this;
tmp.advance(n);
return tmp;

🔗

[[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange next(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) &&;

Effects: Equivalent to:

advance(n);
return std::move(*this);

🔗

[[nodiscard]] constexpr subrange prev(iter_difference_t<I> n = 1) const
  requires bidirectional_iterator<I>;

Effects: Equivalent to:

auto tmp = *this;
tmp.advance(-n);
return tmp;

🔗

constexpr subrange& advance(iter_difference_t<I> n);

Effects: Equivalent to:

(9.1)

If StoreSize is true,

auto d = n - ranges::advance(begin_, n, end_);
if (d >= 0)
  size_ -= to-unsigned-like(d);
else
  size_ += to-unsigned-like(-d);
return *this;

(9.2)

Otherwise,

ranges::advance(begin_, n, end_);
return *this;

🔗

template<size_t N, class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
  requires (N < 2)
  constexpr auto get(const subrange<I, S, K>& r);
template<size_t N, class I, class S, subrange_kind K>
  requires (N < 2)
  constexpr auto get(subrange<I, S, K>&& r);

Effects: Equivalent to:

if constexpr (N == 0)
  return r.begin();
else
  return r.end();

24.5.4 Dangling iterator handling [range.dangling]

The tag type dangling is used together with the template aliases borrowed_iterator_t and borrowed_subrange_t to indicate that an algorithm that typically returns an iterator into or subrange of a range argument does not return an iterator or subrange which could potentially reference a range whose lifetime has ended for a particular rvalue range argument which does not model borrowed_range ([range.range]).

namespace std::ranges {
  struct dangling {
    constexpr dangling() noexcept = default;
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr dangling(Args&&...) noexcept { }
  };
}

[ Example

vector<int> f();
auto result1 = ranges::find(f(), 42);                                   // #1
static_assert(same_as<decltype(result1), ranges::dangling>);
auto vec = f();
auto result2 = ranges::find(vec, 42);                                   // #2
static_assert(same_as<decltype(result2), vector<int>::iterator>);
auto result3 = ranges::find(subrange{vec}, 42);                         // #3
static_assert(same_as<decltype(result3), vector<int>::iterator>);

The call to ranges::find at #1 returns ranges::dangling since f() is an rvalue vector; the vector could potentially be destroyed before a returned iterator is dereferenced.

However, the calls at #2 and #3 both return iterators since the lvalue vec and specializations of subrange model borrowed_range.

— end example

]