The set of
diagnosable rules
consists of all syntactic and semantic rules in this document
except for those rules containing an explicit notation that
“no diagnostic is required” or which are described as resulting in
“undefined behavior”.
Although this document states only requirements on C++
implementations, those requirements are often easier to understand if
they are phrased as requirements on programs, parts of programs, or
execution of programs.
If a program contains no violations of the rules in this
document, a conforming implementation shall,
within its resource limits, accept and correctly execute2
that program.
If a program contains a violation of any diagnosable rule or an occurrence
of a construct described in this document as “conditionally-supported” when
the implementation does not support that construct, a conforming implementation
shall issue at least one diagnostic message.
If a program contains a violation of a rule for which no diagnostic
is required, this document places no requirement on
implementations with respect to that program.
During template argument deduction and substitution,
certain constructs that in other contexts require a diagnostic
are treated differently;
see [temp.deduct].
For classes and class templates, the library Clauses specify partial
definitions.
Private members are not
specified, but each implementation shall supply them to complete the
definitions according to the description in the library Clauses.
The names defined in the library have namespace
scope ([basic.namespace]).
A C++ translation
unit ([lex.phases]) obtains access to these names by including the
appropriate standard library header or importing
the appropriate standard library named header unit ([using.headers]).
The templates, classes, functions, and objects in the library have
external linkage.
The implementation provides
definitions for standard library entities, as necessary, while combining
translation units to form a complete C++ program ([lex.phases]).
For a hosted implementation, this
document defines the set of available libraries.
A freestanding
implementation is one in which execution may take place without the benefit of
an operating system, and has an implementation-defined set of libraries that includes certain language-support
libraries ([compliance]).
A conforming implementation may have extensions (including
additional library functions), provided they do not alter the
behavior of any well-formed program.
Implementations are required to diagnose programs that use such
extensions that are ill-formed according to this document.
Having done so, however, they can compile and execute such programs.
Each implementation shall include documentation that identifies all
conditionally-supported constructs
that it does not support and defines all locale-specific characteristics.3
Certain aspects and operations of the abstract machine are described in this
document as implementation-defined (for example,
sizeof(int)).
These constitute the parameters of the abstract machine.
Each implementation shall include documentation describing its characteristics
and behavior in these respects.5
Such documentation shall define the instance of the
abstract machine that corresponds to that implementation (referred to as the
“corresponding instance” below).
Certain other aspects and operations of the abstract machine are
described in this document as unspecified (for example,
order of evaluation of arguments in a function call ([expr.call])).
Where possible, this
document defines a set of allowable behaviors.
These
define the nondeterministic aspects of the abstract machine.
An instance
of the abstract machine can thus have more than one possible execution
for a given program and a given input.
A conforming implementation executing a well-formed program shall
produce the same observable behavior as one of the possible executions
of the corresponding instance of the abstract machine with the
same program and the same input.
However, if any such execution contains an undefined operation, this document places no
requirement on the implementation executing that program with that input
(not even with regard to operations preceding the first undefined
operation).
At program termination, all data written into files shall be
identical to one of the possible results that execution of the program
according to the abstract semantics would have produced.
The input and output dynamics of interactive devices shall take
place in such a fashion that prompting output is actually delivered before a program waits for input. What constitutes an interactive device is
implementation-defined.
This provision is
sometimes called the “as-if” rule, because an implementation is free to
disregard any requirement of this document as long as the result
is as if the requirement had been obeyed, as far as can be determined
from the observable behavior of the program.
For instance, an actual
implementation need not evaluate part of an expression if it can deduce that its
value is not used and that no
side effects affecting the
observable behavior of the program are produced.
In the syntax notation used in this document, syntactic
categories are indicated by italic type, and literal words
and characters in constantwidth type.
Alternatives are
listed on separate lines except in a few cases where a long set of
alternatives is marked by the phrase “one of”.
If the text of an alternative is too long to fit on a line, the text is continued on subsequent lines indented from the first one.
An optional terminal or non-terminal symbol is indicated by the subscript
“opt”, so