18 Concepts library [concepts]

18.4 Language-related concepts [concepts.lang]

18.4.9 Concept swappable [concept.swappable]

Let t1 and t2 be equality-preserving expressions that denote distinct equal objects of type T, and let u1 and u2 similarly denote distinct equal objects of type U.
Note
:
t1 and u1 can denote distinct objects, or the same object.
— end note
 ]
An operation exchanges the values denoted by t1 and u1 if and only if the operation modifies neither t2 nor u2 and:
  • If T and U are the same type, the result of the operation is that t1 equals u2 and u1 equals t2.
  • If T and U are different types and common_­reference_­with<decltype((t1)), decltype((u1))> is modeled, the result of the operation is that C(t1) equals C(u2) and C(u1) equals C(t2) where C is common_­reference_­t<decltype((t1)), decltype((u1))>.
The name ranges​::​swap denotes a customization point object ([customization.point.object]).
The expression ranges​::​swap(E1, E2) for subexpressions E1 and E2 is expression-equivalent to an expression S determined as follows:
Note
:
Whenever ranges​::​swap(E1, E2) is a valid expression, it exchanges the values denoted by E1 and E2 and has type void.
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 ]
template<class T> concept swappable = requires(T& a, T& b) { ranges::swap(a, b); };
template<class T, class U> concept swappable_­with = common_reference_with<T, U> && requires(T&& t, U&& u) { ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<T>(t)); ranges::swap(std::forward<U>(u), std::forward<U>(u)); ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<U>(u)); ranges::swap(std::forward<U>(u), std::forward<T>(t)); };
Note
:
The semantics of the swappable and swappable_­with concepts are fully defined by the ranges​::​swap customization point.
— end note
 ]
Example
:
User code can ensure that the evaluation of swap calls is performed in an appropriate context under the various conditions as follows:
#include <cassert>
#include <concepts>
#include <utility>

namespace ranges = std::ranges;

template<class T, std::swappable_with<T> U>
void value_swap(T&& t, U&& u) {
  ranges::swap(std::forward<T>(t), std::forward<U>(u));
}

template<std::swappable T>
void lv_swap(T& t1, T& t2) {
  ranges::swap(t1, t2);
}

namespace N {
  struct A { int m; };
  struct Proxy {
    A* a;
    Proxy(A& a) : a{&a} {}
    friend void swap(Proxy x, Proxy y) {
      ranges::swap(*x.a, *y.a);
    }
  };
  Proxy proxy(A& a) { return Proxy{ a }; }
}

int main() {
  int i = 1, j = 2;
  lv_swap(i, j);
  assert(i == 2 && j == 1);

  N::A a1 = { 5 }, a2 = { -5 };
  value_swap(a1, proxy(a2));
  assert(a1.m == -5 && a2.m == 5);
}
— end example
 ]
The name swap is used here unqualified.