21 Language support library [language.support]

21.2 Common definitions [support.types]

21.2.1 Header <cstddef> synopsis [cstddef.syn]

namespace std {
  using ptrdiff_­t = see below;
  using size_­t = see below;
  using max_­align_­t = see below;
  using nullptr_­t = decltype(nullptr);

  enum class byte : unsigned char {};

  // [support.types.byteops], byte type operations
  template <class IntType>
    constexpr byte& operator<<=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  template <class IntType>
    constexpr byte operator<<(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  template <class IntType>
    constexpr byte& operator>>=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  template <class IntType>
    constexpr byte operator>>(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;
  constexpr byte& operator|=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator|(byte l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte& operator&=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator&(byte l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte& operator^=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator^(byte l, byte r) noexcept;
  constexpr byte operator~(byte b) noexcept;
  template <class IntType>
    constexpr IntType to_integer(byte b) noexcept;
}

#define NULL see below
#define offsetof(P, D) see below
1
#

The contents and meaning of the header <cstddef> are the same as the C standard library header <stddef.h>, except that it does not declare the type wchar_­t, that it also declares the type byte and its associated operations ([support.types.byteops]), and as noted in [support.types.nullptr] and [support.types.layout].

See also: ISO C 7.19

21.2.2 Header <cstdlib> synopsis [cstdlib.syn]

namespace std {
  using size_t = see below;
  using div_t = see below;
  using ldiv_t = see below;
  using lldiv_t = see below;
}

#define NULL see below
#define EXIT_FAILURE see below
#define EXIT_SUCCESS see below
#define RAND_MAX see below
#define MB_CUR_MAX see below

namespace std {
  // Exposition-only function type aliases
  extern "C" using c-atexit-handler = void();                        // exposition only
  extern "C++" using atexit-handler = void();                        // exposition only
  extern "C" using c-compare-pred = int(const void*, const void*);   // exposition only
  extern "C++" using compare-pred = int(const void*, const void*);   // exposition only

  // [support.start.term], start and termination
  [[noreturn]] void abort() noexcept;
  int atexit(c-atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  int atexit(atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  int at_quick_exit(c-atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  int at_quick_exit(atexit-handler* func) noexcept;
  [[noreturn]] void exit(int status);
  [[noreturn]] void _Exit(int status) noexcept;
  [[noreturn]] void quick_exit(int status) noexcept;

  char* getenv(const char* name);
  int system(const char* string);

  // [c.malloc], C library memory allocation
  void* aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);
  void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
  void free(void* ptr);
  void* malloc(size_t size);
  void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);

  double atof(const char* nptr);
  int atoi(const char* nptr);
  long int atol(const char* nptr);
  long long int atoll(const char* nptr);
  double strtod(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
  float strtof(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
  long double strtold(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
  long int strtol(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
  long long int strtoll(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
  unsigned long int strtoul(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
  unsigned long long int strtoull(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);

  // [c.mb.wcs], multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions
  int mblen(const char* s, size_t n);
  int mbtowc(wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, size_t n);
  int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
  size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* pwcs, const char* s, size_t n);
  size_t wcstombs(char* s, const wchar_t* pwcs, size_t n);

  // [alg.c.library], C standard library algorithms
  void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
                c-compare-pred* compar);
  void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
                compare-pred* compar);
  void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, c-compare-pred* compar);
  void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, compare-pred* compar);

  // [c.math.rand], low-quality random number generation
  int rand();
  void srand(unsigned int seed);

  // [c.math.abs], absolute values
  int abs(int j);
  long int abs(long int j);
  long long int abs(long long int j);
  float abs(float j);
  double abs(double j);
  long double abs(long double j);

  long int labs(long int j);
  long long int llabs(long long int j);

  div_t div(int numer, int denom);
  ldiv_t div(long int numer, long int denom);             // see [library.c]
  lldiv_t div(long long int numer, long long int denom);  // see [library.c]
  ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom);
  lldiv_t lldiv(long long int numer, long long int denom);
}
1
#

The contents and meaning of the header <cstdlib> are the same as the C standard library header <stdlib.h>, except that it does not declare the type wchar_­t, and except as noted in [support.types.nullptr], [support.types.layout], [support.start.term], [c.malloc], [c.mb.wcs], [alg.c.library], [c.math.rand], and [c.math.abs]. [ Note: Several functions have additional overloads in this International Standard, but they have the same behavior as in the C standard library.  — end note ]

See also: ISO C 7.22

21.2.3 Null pointers [support.types.nullptr]

1
#

The type nullptr_­t is a synonym for the type of a nullptr expression, and it has the characteristics described in [basic.fundamental] and [conv.ptr]. [ Note: Although nullptr's address cannot be taken, the address of another nullptr_­t object that is an lvalue can be taken.  — end note ]

2
#

The macro NULL is an implementation-defined null pointer constant.186

186)

Possible definitions include 0 and 0L, but not (void*)0.

21.2.4 Sizes, alignments, and offsets [support.types.layout]

1
#

The macro offsetof(type, member-designator) has the same semantics as the corresponding macro in the C standard library header <stddef.h>, but accepts a restricted set of type arguments in this International Standard. Use of the offsetof macro with a type other than a standard-layout class is conditionally-supported.187 The expression offsetof(type, member-designator) is never type-dependent and it is value-dependent if and only if type is dependent. The result of applying the offsetof macro to a static data member or a function member is undefined. No operation invoked by the offsetof macro shall throw an exception and noexcept(offsetof(type, member-designator)) shall be true.

2
#

The type ptrdiff_­t is an implementation-defined signed integer type that can hold the difference of two subscripts in an array object, as described in [expr.add].

3
#

The type size_­t is an implementation-defined unsigned integer type that is large enough to contain the size in bytes of any object.

4
#

[ Note: It is recommended that implementations choose types for ptrdiff_­t and size_­t whose integer conversion ranks are no greater than that of signed long int unless a larger size is necessary to contain all the possible values.  — end note ]

5
#

The type max_­align_­t is a POD type whose alignment requirement is at least as great as that of every scalar type, and whose alignment requirement is supported in every context.

See also: Alignment, Sizeof, Additive operators, Free store, and ISO C 7.19.

187)

Note that offsetof is required to work as specified even if unary operator& is overloaded for any of the types involved.

21.2.5 byte type operations [support.types.byteops]

template <class IntType> constexpr byte& operator<<=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;

1
#

Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­integral_­v<IntType> is true.

2
#

Effects: Equivalent to: return b = byte(static_­cast<unsigned char>(b) << shift);

template <class IntType> constexpr byte operator<<(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;

3
#

Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­integral_­v<IntType> is true.

4
#

Effects: Equivalent to: return byte(static_­cast<unsigned char>(b) << shift);

template <class IntType> constexpr byte& operator>>=(byte& b, IntType shift) noexcept;

5
#

Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­integral_­v<IntType> is true.

6
#

Effects: Equivalent to: return b = byte(static_­cast<unsigned char>(b) >> shift);

template <class IntType> constexpr byte operator>>(byte b, IntType shift) noexcept;

7
#

Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­integral_­v<IntType> is true.

8
#

Effects: Equivalent to: return byte(static_­cast<unsigned char>(b) >> shift);

constexpr byte& operator|=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;

9
#

Effects: Equivalent to: 

return l = byte(static_cast<unsigned char>(l) | static_cast<unsigned char>(r));

constexpr byte operator|(byte l, byte r) noexcept;

10
#

Effects: Equivalent to: 

return byte(static_cast<unsigned char>(l) | static_cast<unsigned char>(r));

constexpr byte& operator&=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;

11
#

Effects: Equivalent to: 

return l = byte(static_cast<unsigned char>(l) & static_cast<unsigned char>(r));

constexpr byte operator&(byte l, byte r) noexcept;

12
#

Effects: Equivalent to: 

return byte(static_cast<unsigned char>(l) & static_cast<unsigned char>(r));

constexpr byte& operator^=(byte& l, byte r) noexcept;

13
#

Effects: Equivalent to: 

return l = byte(static_cast<unsigned char>(l) ^ static_cast<unsigned char>(r));

constexpr byte operator^(byte l, byte r) noexcept;

14
#

Effects: Equivalent to: 

return byte(static_cast<unsigned char>(l) ^ static_cast<unsigned char>(r));

constexpr byte operator~(byte b) noexcept;

15
#

Effects: Equivalent to: return byte(~static_­cast<unsigned char>(b));

template <class IntType> constexpr IntType to_integer(byte b) noexcept;

16
#

Remarks: This function shall not participate in overload resolution unless is_­integral_­v<IntType> is true.

17
#

Effects: Equivalent to: return IntType(b);