To implement algorithms only in terms of iterators, it is often necessary to determine the value and difference types that correspond to a particular iterator type. Accordingly, it is required that if Iterator is the type of an iterator, the types
iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category
be defined as the iterator's difference type, value type and iterator category, respectively. In addition, the types
iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer
shall be defined as the iterator's reference and pointer types, that is, for an iterator object a, the same type as the type of *a and a->, respectively. In the case of an output iterator, the types
iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer
may be defined as void.
The template iterator_traits<Iterator> is defined as
namespace std {
template<class Iterator> struct iterator_traits {
typedef typename Iterator::difference_type difference_type;
typedef typename Iterator::value_type value_type;
typedef typename Iterator::pointer pointer;
typedef typename Iterator::reference reference;
typedef typename Iterator::iterator_category iterator_category;
};
}
It is specialized for pointers as
namespace std {
template<class T> struct iterator_traits<T*> {
typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
typedef T value_type;
typedef T* pointer;
typedef T& reference;
typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
};
}
and for pointers to const as
namespace std {
template<class T> struct iterator_traits<const T*> {
typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type;
typedef T value_type;
typedef const T* pointer;
typedef const T& reference;
typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
};
}
[ Example: To implement a generic reverse function, a C++ program can do the following:
template <class BidirectionalIterator>
void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) {
typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type n =
distance(first, last);
--n;
while(n > 0) {
typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type
tmp = *first;
*first++ = *--last;
*last = tmp;
n -= 2;
}
}
— end example ]