A deque is a sequence container that, like a vector ([vector]), supports random access iterators. In addition, it supports constant time insert and erase operations at the beginning or the end; insert and erase in the middle take linear time. That is, a deque is especially optimized for pushing and popping elements at the beginning and end. As with vectors, storage management is handled automatically.
A deque satisfies all of the requirements of a container, of a reversible container (given in tables in [container.requirements]), of a sequence container, including the optional sequence container requirements ([sequence.reqmts]), and of an allocator-aware container (Table [tab:containers.allocatoraware]). Descriptions are provided here only for operations on deque that are not described in one of these tables or for operations where there is additional semantic information.
namespace std {
template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T> >
class deque {
public:
// types:
typedef value_type& reference;
typedef const value_type& const_reference;
typedef implementation-defined iterator; // See [container.requirements]
typedef implementation-defined const_iterator; // See [container.requirements]
typedef implementation-defined size_type; // See [container.requirements]
typedef implementation-defined difference_type;// See [container.requirements]
typedef T value_type;
typedef Allocator allocator_type;
typedef typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::pointer pointer;
typedef typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::const_pointer const_pointer;
typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
// [deque.cons], construct/copy/destroy:
deque() : deque(Allocator()) { }
explicit deque(const Allocator&);
explicit deque(size_type n, const Allocator& = Allocator());
deque(size_type n, const T& value, const Allocator& = Allocator());
template <class InputIterator>
deque(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const Allocator& = Allocator());
deque(const deque& x);
deque(deque&&);
deque(const deque&, const Allocator&);
deque(deque&&, const Allocator&);
deque(initializer_list<T>, const Allocator& = Allocator());
~deque();
deque& operator=(const deque& x);
deque& operator=(deque&& x);
deque& operator=(initializer_list<T>);
template <class InputIterator>
void assign(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
void assign(size_type n, const T& t);
void assign(initializer_list<T>);
allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept;
// iterators:
iterator begin() noexcept;
const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
iterator end() noexcept;
const_iterator end() const noexcept;
reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept;
const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept;
reverse_iterator rend() noexcept;
const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept;
const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept;
const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept;
const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept;
// [deque.capacity], capacity:
size_type size() const noexcept;
size_type max_size() const noexcept;
void resize(size_type sz);
void resize(size_type sz, const T& c);
void shrink_to_fit();
bool empty() const noexcept;
// element access:
reference operator[](size_type n);
const_reference operator[](size_type n) const;
reference at(size_type n);
const_reference at(size_type n) const;
reference front();
const_reference front() const;
reference back();
const_reference back() const;
// [deque.modifiers], modifiers:
template <class... Args> void emplace_front(Args&&... args);
template <class... Args> void emplace_back(Args&&... args);
template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
void push_front(const T& x);
void push_front(T&& x);
void push_back(const T& x);
void push_back(T&& x);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, const T& x);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, T&& x);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const T& x);
template <class InputIterator>
iterator insert (const_iterator position, InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<T>);
void pop_front();
void pop_back();
iterator erase(const_iterator position);
iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
void swap(deque&);
void clear() noexcept;
};
template <class T, class Allocator>
bool operator==(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
template <class T, class Allocator>
bool operator< (const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
template <class T, class Allocator>
bool operator!=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
template <class T, class Allocator>
bool operator> (const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
template <class T, class Allocator>
bool operator>=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
template <class T, class Allocator>
bool operator<=(const deque<T,Allocator>& x, const deque<T,Allocator>& y);
// specialized algorithms:
template <class T, class Allocator>
void swap(deque<T,Allocator>& x, deque<T,Allocator>& y);
}
explicit deque(const Allocator&);
Effects: Constructs an empty deque, using the specified allocator.
Complexity: Constant.
explicit deque(size_type n, const Allocator& = Allocator());
Effects: Constructs a deque with n default-inserted elements using the specified allocator.
Requires: T shall be DefaultInsertable into *this.
Complexity: Linear in n.
deque(size_type n, const T& value,
const Allocator& = Allocator());
Effects: Constructs a deque with n copies of value, using the specified allocator.
Requires: T shall be CopyInsertable into *this.
Complexity: Linear in n.
template <class InputIterator>
deque(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
const Allocator& = Allocator());
Effects: Constructs a deque equal to the range [first,last), using the specified allocator.
Complexity: Linear in distance(first, last).
Effects: If sz <= size(), equivalent to calling pop_back() size() - sz times. If size() < sz, appends sz - size() default-inserted elements to the sequence.
Requires: T shall be MoveInsertable and DefaultInsertable into *this.
void resize(size_type sz, const T& c);
Effects: If sz <= size(), equivalent to calling pop_back() size() - sz times. If size() < sz, appends sz - size() copies of c to the sequence.
Requires: T shall be CopyInsertable into *this.
Requires: T shall be MoveInsertable into *this.
Complexity: Linear in the size of the sequence.
Remarks: shrink_to_fit is a non-binding request to reduce memory use but does not change the size of the sequence. [ Note: The request is non-binding to allow latitude for implementation-specific optimizations. — end note ]
iterator insert(const_iterator position, const T& x);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, T&& x);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, size_type n, const T& x);
template <class InputIterator>
iterator insert(const_iterator position,
InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
iterator insert(const_iterator position, initializer_list<T>);
template <class... Args> void emplace_front(Args&&... args);
template <class... Args> void emplace_back(Args&&... args);
template <class... Args> iterator emplace(const_iterator position, Args&&... args);
void push_front(const T& x);
void push_front(T&& x);
void push_back(const T& x);
void push_back(T&& x);
Effects: An insertion in the middle of the deque invalidates all the iterators and references to elements of the deque. An insertion at either end of the deque invalidates all the iterators to the deque, but has no effect on the validity of references to elements of the deque.
Remarks: If an exception is thrown other than by the copy constructor, move constructor, assignment operator, or move assignment operator of T there are no effects. If an exception is thrown while inserting a single element at either end, there are no effects. Otherwise, if an exception is thrown by the move constructor of a non-CopyInsertable T, the effects are unspecified.
Complexity: The complexity is linear in the number of elements inserted plus the lesser of the distances to the beginning and end of the deque. Inserting a single element either at the beginning or end of a deque always takes constant time and causes a single call to a constructor of T.
iterator erase(const_iterator position);
iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last);
Effects: An erase operation that erases the last element of a deque invalidates only the past-the-end iterator and all iterators and references to the erased elements. An erase operation that erases the first element of a deque but not the last element invalidates only the erased elements. An erase operation that erases neither the first element nor the last element of a deque invalidates the past-the-end iterator and all iterators and references to all the elements of the deque.
Complexity: The number of calls to the destructor is the same as the number of elements erased, but the number of calls to the assignment operator is no more than the lesser of the number of elements before the erased elements and the number of elements after the erased elements.
Throws: Nothing unless an exception is thrown by the copy constructor, move constructor, assignment operator, or move assignment operator of T.
template <class T, class Allocator>
void swap(deque<T,Allocator>& x, deque<T,Allocator>& y);
Effects:
x.swap(y);