A template can be declared within a class or class template; such a template is called a member template. A member template can be defined within or outside its class definition or class template definition. A member template of a class template that is defined outside of its class template definition shall be specified with the template-parameters of the class template followed by the template-parameters of the member template. [ Example:
template<class T> struct string {
template<class T2> int compare(const T2&);
template<class T2> string(const string<T2>& s) { /* ... */ }
};
template<class T> template<class T2> int string<T>::compare(const T2& s) {
}
— end example ]
A local class shall not have member templates. Access control rules (Clause [class.access]) apply to member template names. A destructor shall not be a member template. A normal (non-template) member function with a given name and type and a member function template of the same name, which could be used to generate a specialization of the same type, can both be declared in a class. When both exist, a use of that name and type refers to the non-template member unless an explicit template argument list is supplied. [ Example:
template <class T> struct A {
void f(int);
template <class T2> void f(T2);
};
template <> void A<int>::f(int) { } // non-template member
template <> template <> void A<int>::f<>(int) { } // template member
int main() {
A<char> ac;
ac.f(1); // non-template
ac.f('c'); // template
ac.f<>(1); // template
}
— end example ]
A member function template shall not be virtual. [ Example:
template <class T> struct AA {
template <class C> virtual void g(C); // error
virtual void f(); // OK
};
— end example ]
A specialization of a member function template does not override a virtual function from a base class. [ Example:
class B {
virtual void f(int);
};
class D : public B {
template <class T> void f(T); // does not override B::f(int)
void f(int i) { f<>(i); } // overriding function that calls
// the template instantiation
};
— end example ]
A specialization of a conversion function template is referenced in the same way as a non-template conversion function that converts to the same type. [ Example:
struct A {
template <class T> operator T*();
};
template <class T> A::operator T*(){ return 0; }
template <> A::operator char*(){ return 0; } // specialization
template A::operator void*(); // explicit instantiation
int main() {
A a;
int *ip;
ip = a.operator int*(); // explicit call to template operator
// A::operator int*()
}
— end example ] [ Note: Because the explicit template argument list follows the function template name, and because conversion member function templates and constructor member function templates are called without using a function name, there is no way to provide an explicit template argument list for these function templates. — end note ]
A specialization of a conversion function template is not found by name lookup. Instead, any conversion function templates visible in the context of the use are considered. For each such operator, if argument deduction succeeds ([temp.deduct.conv]), the resulting specialization is used as if found by name lookup.
A using-declaration in a derived class cannot refer to a specialization of a conversion function template in a base class.
Overload resolution ([over.ics.rank]) and partial ordering ([temp.func.order]) are used to select the best conversion function among multiple specializations of conversion function templates and/or non-template conversion functions.