Each formatted output function begins execution by constructing an object of class sentry. If this object returns true when converted to a value of type bool, the function endeavors to generate the requested output. If the generation fails, then the formatted output function does setstate(ios_base::failbit), which might throw an exception. If an exception is thrown during output, then ios::badbit is turned on327 in *this's error state. If (exceptions()&badbit) != 0 then the exception is rethrown. Whether or not an exception is thrown, the sentry object is destroyed before leaving the formatted output function. If no exception is thrown, the result of the formatted output function is *this.
The descriptions of the individual formatted output operations describe how they perform output and do not mention the sentry object.
without causing an ios::failure to be thrown.
operator<<(bool val);
operator<<(short val);
operator<<(unsigned short val);
operator<<(int val);
operator<<(unsigned int val);
operator<<(long val);
operator<<(unsigned long val);
operator<<(long long val);
operator<<(unsigned long long val);
operator<<(float val);
operator<<(double val);
operator<<(long double val);
operator<<(const void* val);
Effects: The classes num_get<> and num_put<> handle locale-dependent numeric formatting and parsing. These inserter functions use the imbued locale value to perform numeric formatting. When val is of type bool, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long, double, long double, or const void*, the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment:
bool failed = use_facet<
num_put<charT,ostreambuf_iterator<charT,traits> >
>(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(), val).failed();
When val is of type short the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment:
ios_base::fmtflags baseflags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
bool failed = use_facet<
num_put<charT,ostreambuf_iterator<charT,traits> >
>(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
baseflags == ios_base::oct || baseflags == ios_base::hex
? static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned short>(val))
: static_cast<long>(val)).failed();
When val is of type int the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment:
ios_base::fmtflags baseflags = ios_base::flags() & ios_base::basefield;
bool failed = use_facet<
num_put<charT,ostreambuf_iterator<charT,traits> >
>(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
baseflags == ios_base::oct || baseflags == ios_base::hex
? static_cast<long>(static_cast<unsigned int>(val))
: static_cast<long>(val)).failed();
When val is of type unsigned short or unsigned int the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment:
bool failed = use_facet<
num_put<charT,ostreambuf_iterator<charT,traits> >
>(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
static_cast<unsigned long>(val)).failed();
When val is of type float the formatting conversion occurs as if it performed the following code fragment:
bool failed = use_facet<
num_put<charT,ostreambuf_iterator<charT,traits> >
>(getloc()).put(*this, *this, fill(),
static_cast<double>(val)).failed();
The first argument provides an object of the ostreambuf_iterator<> class which is an iterator for class basic_ostream<>. It bypasses ostreams and uses streambufs directly. Class locale relies on these types as its interface to iostreams, since for flexibility it has been abstracted away from direct dependence on ostream. The second parameter is a reference to the base subobject of type ios_base. It provides formatting specifications such as field width, and a locale from which to obtain other facets. If failed is true then does setstate(badbit), which may throw an exception, and returns.
Returns: *this.
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<
(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& (*pf)(basic_ostream<charT,traits>&))
Effects: None. Does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]).
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<
(basic_ios<charT,traits>& (*pf)(basic_ios<charT,traits>&))
Effects: Calls pf(*this). This inserter does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]).
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<
(ios_base& (*pf)(ios_base&))
Effects: Calls pf(*this). This inserter does not behave as a formatted output function (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]).
Returns: *this.
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<
(basic_streambuf<charT,traits>* sb);
Effects: Behaves as an unformatted output function (as described in [ostream.unformatted], paragraph 1). After the sentry object is constructed, if sb is null calls setstate(badbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure).
Gets characters from sb and inserts them in *this. Characters are read from sb and inserted until any of the following occurs:
end-of-file occurs on the input sequence;
inserting in the output sequence fails (in which case the character to be inserted is not extracted);
an exception occurs while getting a character from sb.
If the function inserts no characters, it calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure ([iostate.flags])). If an exception was thrown while extracting a character, the function sets failbit in error state, and if failbit is on in exceptions() the caught exception is rethrown.
Returns: *this.
See, for example, the function signature endl(basic_ostream&) ([ostream.manip]).
See, for example, the function signature dec(ios_base&) ([basefield.manip]).
template<class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& out,
charT c);
template<class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& out,
char c);
// specialization
template<class traits>
basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>& out,
char c);
// signed and unsigned
template<class traits>
basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>& out,
signed char c);
template<class traits>
basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>& out,
unsigned char c);
Effects: Behaves like a formatted inserter (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]) of out. After a sentry object is constructed it inserts characters. In case c has type char and the character type of the stream is not char, then the character to be inserted is out.widen(c); otherwise the character is c. Padding is determined as described in [facet.num.put.virtuals]. width(0) is called. The insertion character and any required padding are inserted into out.
Returns: out.
template<class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& out,
const charT* s);
template<class charT, class traits>
basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<charT,traits>& out,
const char* s);
template<class traits>
basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>& out,
const char* s);
template<class traits>
basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>& out,
const signed char* s);
template<class traits>
basic_ostream<char,traits>& operator<<(basic_ostream<char,traits>& out,
const unsigned char* s);
Requires: s shall not be a null pointer.
Effects: Behaves like a formatted inserter (as described in [ostream.formatted.reqmts]) of out. After a sentry object is constructed it inserts n characters starting at s, where n is the number that would be computed as if by:
traits::length(s) for the overload where the first argument is of type basic_ostream<charT, traits>& and the second is of type const charT*, and also for the overload where the first argument is of type basic_ostream<char, traits>& and the second is of type const char*,
std::char_traits<char>::length(s) for the overload where the first argument is of type basic_ostream<charT, traits>& and the second is of type const char*,
traits::length(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s)) for the other two overloads.
Padding is determined as described in [facet.num.put.virtuals]. The n characters starting at s are widened using out.widen ([basic.ios.members]). The widened characters and any required padding are inserted into out. Calls width(0).
Returns: out.