To implement algorithms only in terms of iterators, it is often necessary to determine the value and difference types that correspond to a particular iterator type. Accordingly, it is required that if Iterator is the type of an iterator, the types
iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category
be defined as the iterator's difference type, value type and iterator category, respectively. In addition, the types
iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer
shall be defined as the iterator's reference and pointer types, that is, for an iterator object a, the same type as the type of *a and a->, respectively. In the case of an output iterator, the types
iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer
may be defined as void.
The template iterator_traits<Iterator> is defined as
namespace std { template<class Iterator> struct iterator_traits { typedef typename Iterator::difference_type difference_type; typedef typename Iterator::value_type value_type; typedef typename Iterator::pointer pointer; typedef typename Iterator::reference reference; typedef typename Iterator::iterator_category iterator_category; }; }
It is specialized for pointers as
namespace std { template<class T> struct iterator_traits<T*> { typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type; typedef T value_type; typedef T* pointer; typedef T& reference; typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category; }; }
and for pointers to const as
namespace std { template<class T> struct iterator_traits<const T*> { typedef ptrdiff_t difference_type; typedef T value_type; typedef const T* pointer; typedef const T& reference; typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category; }; }
[ Note: If there is an additional pointer type __far such that the difference of two __far is of type long, an implementation may define
template<class T> struct iterator_traits<T __far*> { typedef long difference_type; typedef T value_type; typedef T __far* pointer; typedef T __far& reference; typedef random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category; };
— end note ]
[ Example: To implement a generic reverse function, a C++ program can do the following:
template <class BidirectionalIterator> void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) { typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type n = distance(first, last); --n; while(n > 0) { typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type tmp = *first; *first++ = *--last; *last = tmp; n -= 2; } }
— end example ]