24 Iterators library [iterators]

Iterators are a generalization of pointers that allow a C++ program to work with different data structures (for example, containers and ranges) in a uniform manner.

To be able to construct template algorithms that work correctly and efficiently on different types of data structures, the library formalizes not just the interfaces but also the semantics and complexity assumptions of iterators.

An input iterator i supports the expression *i, resulting in a value of some object type T, called the value type of the iterator.

An output iterator i has a non-empty set of types that are writable to the iterator; for each such type T, the expression *i = o is valid where o is a value of type T.

For every iterator type X, there is a corresponding signed integer-like type ([iterator.concept.winc]) called the difference type of the iterator.

Since iterators are an abstraction of pointers, their semantics are a generalization of most of the semantics of pointers in C++.

This ensures that every function template that takes iterators works as well with regular pointers.

This document defines six categories of iterators, according to the operations defined on them: input iterators, output iterators, forward iterators, bidirectional iterators, random access iterators, and contiguous iterators, as shown in Table 72.

The six categories of iterators correspond to the iterator concepts

• (3.1)
  input_iterator ([iterator.concept.input]),
• (3.2)
  output_iterator ([iterator.concept.output]),
• (3.3)
  forward_iterator ([iterator.concept.forward]),
• (3.4)
  bidirectional_iterator ([iterator.concept.bidir]),
• (3.5)
  random_access_iterator ([iterator.concept.random.access]), and
• (3.6)
  contiguous_iterator ([iterator.concept.contiguous]),

respectively.

The generic term iterator refers to any type that models the input_or_output_iterator concept ([iterator.concept.iterator]).

Forward iterators meet all the requirements of input iterators and can be used whenever an input iterator is specified; Bidirectional iterators also meet all the requirements of forward iterators and can be used whenever a forward iterator is specified; Random access iterators also meet all the requirements of bidirectional iterators and can be used whenever a bidirectional iterator is specified; Contiguous iterators also meet all the requirements of random access iterators and can be used whenever a random access iterator is specified.

Iterators that further meet the requirements of output iterators are called mutable iterators.

Nonmutable iterators are referred to as constant iterators.

In addition to the requirements in this subclause, the nested typedef-names specified in [iterator.traits] shall be provided for the iterator type.

Just as a regular pointer to an array guarantees that there is a pointer value pointing past the last element of the array, so for any iterator type there is an iterator value that points past the last element of a corresponding sequence.

Such a value is called a past-the-end value.

Values of an iterator i for which the expression *i is defined are called dereferenceable.

The library never assumes that past-the-end values are dereferenceable.

Iterators can also have singular values that are not associated with any sequence.

Results of most expressions are undefined for singular values; the only exceptions are destroying an iterator that holds a singular value, the assignment of a non-singular value to an iterator that holds a singular value, and, for iterators that meet the Cpp17DefaultConstructible requirements, using a value-initialized iterator as the source of a copy or move operation.

In these cases the singular value is overwritten the same way as any other value.

Dereferenceable values are always non-singular.

Most of the library's algorithmic templates that operate on data structures have interfaces that use ranges.

A range is an iterator and a sentinel that designate the beginning and end of the computation, or an iterator and a count that designate the beginning and the number of elements to which the computation is to be applied.201

An iterator and a sentinel denoting a range are comparable.

A range [i, s) is empty if i == s; otherwise, [i, s) refers to the elements in the data structure starting with the element pointed to by i and up to but not including the element, if any, pointed to by the first iterator j such that j == s.

A sentinel s is called reachable from an iterator i if and only if there is a finite sequence of applications of the expression ++i that makes i == s.

If s is reachable from i, [i, s) denotes a valid range.

A counted range $\text{i}+\left[\text{0, n}\right)$ is empty if n == 0; otherwise, $\text{i}+\left[\text{0, n}\right)$ refers to the n elements in the data structure starting with the element pointed to by i and up to but not including the element, if any, pointed to by the result of n applications of ++i.

A counted range $\text{i}+\left[\text{0, n}\right)$ is valid if and only if n == 0; or n is positive, i is dereferenceable, and $\text{++i}+\left[\text{0, --n}\right)$ is valid.

The result of the application of library functions to invalid ranges is undefined.

All the categories of iterators require only those functions that are realizable for a given category in constant time (amortized).

Therefore, requirement tables and concept definitions for the iterators do not specify complexity.

Destruction of an iterator may invalidate pointers and references previously obtained from that iterator if its type does not meet the Cpp17ForwardIterator requirements and does not model forward_iterator.

An invalid iterator is an iterator that may be singular.202

Iterators meet the constexpr iterators requirements if all operations provided to meet iterator category requirements are constexpr functions.